Олимпийские игры

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Olympic Games

Olympic Games - the oldest and most popular sporting events in ancient Greece. For the first time (according to legend, this attempt to get the third), they were held in 776 BC. Oe. and were part of the festival dedicated to Zeus. The year of the first Olympics Greeks considered it very important, and therefore he began the ancient Greek era.

The first Olympic event was a very local nature and does not attract too much of both participants and spectators - only residents of Elis and Sparta: the winners of the first eleven Olympic Games belong to the natives of the western Peloponnese. Traditionally, the rules and procedures of the games set Lycurgus, and Ifit Kleosfen. The text of the agreement on the Olympic competition was captured on a bronze disk, which in the IV century BC. Oe. Aristotle wrote that in II. BC. Oe. Pausanias saw.

Starting with the 660-th BC. Oe. - That is, from the 30th game - for the race were allowed to all residents of mainland Greece, and after 40 years in the Olympics became involved and the inhabitants of the Greek colonies. Olympic sports have gained wide popularity, and the winners can expect a generous prize, honors and national fame. Olimpioniki "crowned" a textbook olive wreath and palm branch awarded. Also in honor of the victorious athletes were installed sculptures - sometimes in the very sanctuary of Zeus at Olympia, sometimes at home a hero.

Number the Olympics began only 600 years after their inception. In the 2nd century. BC. Oe. astronomer and geographer Eratosthenes of Alexandria developed an accurate chronological table, in which all known political and cultural events dated by Olympiads, relying on its list of Olympic victors. His nine-Chronographia covered the period from the destruction of Troy to the death of Alexander.

High flowering Olympics falls on VI-IV centuries. BC. Oe. - Pan-Hellenic Olympic Games have become a holiday, and the Olympia - the center of the sports world. The popularity and success of the Olympic Games led to what is already the beginning of the VI. and in other parts of Greece were to hold similar events. In 590 BC. Oe. reorganized the Pythian Games at Delphi in 573 BC. Oe. - Nemean Games in Argolida, in 572 BC. Oe. - Isthmian games near Corinth. All these games were held every two or four years, so that for each year falling out any competition.

The games were accompanied by certain conditions. Olympics have taken place every four years during the first full moon after the summer sun's rotation. Back in the spring in all directions, messengers were sent with the announcement of the date spondofory upcoming Olympics, appointed a special committee. Stewards and judges play with 572 BC. Oe. were elected from the citizens of Elis ellanodiki number of 10 persons. Stringent condition of the Olympic Truce was universal (so-called. Divine world - ekeheriya) - no war and no executions. Ekeheriya lasted two months, and its violation was punished by a large fine. Thus, in 420 BC. Oe. independent Spartans were fighting in the Elis with thousands of hoplites, for which he was fined - 200 drachmas to each soldier. Refused to pay, they were excluded from participation in the games.

Train for a month, the athletes came to Olympia, where they participated in the qualifying events and continued to train in a special gymnasium, surrounded by a colonnade represents the yard with tracks for God, grounds for throwing, fighting, etc., Palestro and accommodation for athletes .

Participants and spectators are also regulated by special rules. From 776 to 632 years. BC. Oe. compete at the Olympics had the right to free citizens of a Greek city-states are not older than a certain age, do not commit a crime or sacrilege. Later, to participate were excluded and the Romans, if they were able to confirm through cleverly drawn genealogies that they - the descendants of pure Greeks. From 632 BC. Oe. entered the competition between the boys. Barbarians and slaves were allowed only as spectators. Women were not allowed to even attend the competition, although the girls are not forbidden. Oslushnits waited a very severe punishment - they were thrown from the mountain. However, the execution of such punishment is not fixed. For nearly three hundred years of Olympic Games lasted for three days. The first and last days were devoted to the solemn ceremonies, processions and sacrifices, competitions will only be given only one day.

Five-day festival held the Olympics as follows. The first day was made a thorough examination of the participants, as well as the solemn oath of the athletes and on the altar of Zeus ellanodikov roller coaster in bulevterii. The first took upon themselves the obligation to compete fairly, not to violate the rules and obey the decision of the judges who, in turn, vowed to judge according to conscience and rules, without prejudice to the athletes. Ellanodiki had with him in a bifurcated fork at the end of long thin wooden stick, blows which they could punish the guilty. Participants by lot divided into groups of four. Then followed a solemn sacrifice to Zeus and the opening of the Games. On the second day of the competition took place in the group of boys: running and wrestling, pentathlon, pugilism. The third day was allocated adult athletes competitions - running, fighting, fist fighting, Pankratov and pentathlon. The fourth day was devoted entirely to ippicheskomu agon, and the fifth - the award winners and the closure of the Games.

Match fighters compared to the current may seem a little barbaric. Instead of boxing gloves, hand sporsmenov was wound gimantami - special leather belts (later with metal plates), and the wrestlers themselves are heavily greased with olive oil, which complicated the struggle. To beat an opponent allowed as you like, but since the attacks on the body did not matter, the goal was the head of the enemy. Forbidden only biting and beating in his ears and eyes. The concept of "weight category" does not exist. The fight could last a long time, damage was considered the fall to the ground or a request for mercy. Sometimes, that the loser pays life, not to mention the numerous injuries. If the earth turned out to be both contestants, the judges shall deduct the draw. A soldier, three times hitting the ground and stop the struggle, called triaddenom.

Long jump GALMIER - committed without a run with a special elevation - Bater. For more scope when jumping athletes used stone or lead weights - haltery that should drop to the touchdown.

Running was the oldest, and until the 13th Olympiad, and the only match in the Olympics. Athletes ran naked (hence the name of exercise - hymn, gymnastic, from the Greek. Gymnoi - nude). A length of the arena - a stage - and gave its name to the site - the stadium. Treadmill was not circular, as it is now - the athletes ran in a straight line back and forth, as in the roll of the military compound.

Athletes, discus thrower threw a disc without unwinding, which was due to close order troops - throwing could be made only in the vertical plane.

Javelin Throw - pentathlon was invented by Jason - the legendary leader of the Argonauts. In the Olympics, running and wrestling were in pentathlon, and separately, while the long jump and discus throw and javelin - only in the pentathlon. It was interesting to determine the winner in the pentathlon. It is organized on the principle of elimination. Since the running, jumping and throwing spears and drive demand different physical effort, often had four winners - one in each state. Sometimes one participant became a winner in two kinds of events, and the other two achieved similar results. Or two players have won every competition in two ways. In such cases, competition in the struggle were necessary - to determine the final winner. And if the pentathlon won three types of the same party, the fifth type of competition did not matter.

Kopemetanie origin must combat exercises. Lance had a leather grip with which spear-throwers at the time informed him throw the rotational motion around an axis. According to the results kopemetanie divided into two types: "ekebolon", which defines a distance, which flew a spear, and "stohastikon", which was judged by the defeat of the special target.

The most entertaining and exciting match were ippicheskie. For the victory they honored not the driver and owner of horses and chariots. That is why the wealthy Greeks from all types of competitions preferred horse. But to put the cart with a horse worthy of it by force without even every rich man. Ancient historians tell of a chorus of almost ambition of Alcibiades, who sent seven chariots in the Olympics. So much, except it did not send no one - no individual, no king. He received the first, second and fourth awards. Equestrian events were held at the racetrack, which was located south of the stadium, which was long in the 4th stage - about 770 m

More recently, games lasted seven days, and during the period of Roman rule for centuries followed the established rules are not so strict. End of the Olympic Games of antiquity - to the 293rd Olympiad - a devout Roman put the Emperor Theodosius I in 394 AD. Oe., seeing in them incompatible with the Christian faith paganism. In April 1896 at the initiative of Pierre de Coubertin The first took place in Athens Olympics, marked the beginning of the modern Olympic movement.

Athletes and their coaches would come to Olympia for a month before the Games for qualifying training. The games themselves in the 5th century BC. Oe. lasted for five days: in the 1-day, when the participants before the altar of Zeus, the Games brought an oath to comply with all rules of competition, there were sacrifices in the 2-day competitions were held in a group of boys in the third race of men, in the 4th horse ristaniya, the 5th day ended with sacrifices and was dedicated to the awards ceremony.

From 720 BC. Oe. athletes, who spoke earlier in loincloths, competed naked. The competitions were held in groups. Winner ellanodiki handed palm, with which he had come to the awards.

The winner-olimpioniki, his father's name and country solemnly declared, and carved on the marble slabs on display at the Olympia for public viewing. Olimpioniki were so famous that year the Olympiad is often called by the name of the winner. With seven Olympic athletes were awarded wreaths of branches of the "beautiful olive wreaths," according to tradition, even planted by Heracles. The ancient Greeks considered victory mark the location of the deity, Zeus' attention to the athlete and to the town where he came from. In their homeland olimpioniki exempt from all national duties and enjoy the places of honor in the theater and on all festivals, there are cases where olimpioniki deified and honored as local heroes.

History shows that in other cities of Hellas there was a cult of Prometheus, and in his honor held Prometeyi - race runners with blazing torches.

The figure of titanium and is now one of the most striking images in Greek mythology. During the summer solstice, the competitors and organizers, and fans of pilgrims paying homage to the gods by lighting a fire on the altars of Olympia. The winner of the competition at running honored with accolades to light a fire for the sacrifice. In the glow of the fire occurred competition athletes, artists competition, consisted of an agreement on peace envoys from cities and nations.

Among the Olympic rituals such emotionality is painted fire lighting ceremony in Olympia, and deliver it to the main arena games. This is one of the traditions of the modern Olympic movement. For an exciting journey through the fire of the country, and even - sometimes - the continents, through television can watch millions of people. Home torch relay race, which was bringing fire to the city of Olympia, Olympic Games, was launched in 1936 Since then, the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games were enriched thrilling spectacle of lighting on the main Olympic stadium of fire from the torch, carried relay race. Running torchbearers - a solemn prologue to the Games for more than four decades. June 20, 1936 in Olympia was lit a fire and then committed a 3075 kilometer route along the road in Greece, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Germany. In 1948 the torch made the first voyage.

Olympic sports in the twentieth century have become one of the many cash show, turned into a means of promoting national tabloid media, on time and smoothly delivering the required rate of adrenaline in the blood is stagnant weary humanity.

But at the dawn of its existence, the Olympics have radically different meanings. It was a set of rituals and sports aimed at religious and cultural unification of Hellas.

Similar games have been distributed in the XI-IX centuries BC Activities of the era can be called aristocratic, because competition was attended by mostly members of the nobility. The competitions were held from time to time: there was no special place in the competition, there was no system of rules, an institution of judges. Prizes were given to all participants of the competition, even if they occupy the last place, with a victory in the race, in the wagons in a fistfight or wrestling valued much higher than the rest, because these sports were considered the most noble.

In the games there is a certain regularity: in the Homeric period of the contest were held at the will of any nobleman or a king, and later began to settle down as competition to the establishment of the gods, in areas associated with miracles. For example, the Pythian Games held in Delphi, were dedicated to Apollo, who according to legend, after his victory over the giant dragon Python has established a music contest, and later were added to the poetic, athletic, and equestrian.

System and the ideological direction of the Olympic Games, designed by the code of rules, a clear scale of values ​​- all together influenced the creation of an image "kalos kagatos", ie in a perfectly literal translation, good man. It was the ideal of fully developed person, a beautiful body and soul. Such a character could vie with the gods, if I was not brought up on the idea of ​​worshiping gods and ancestors legacy of mandatory loyalty. This image is worried and sculptors, and writers of antiquity through the centuries. In the fine art of perfection Canon is a statue of Polykleitos, depicting a young man, spearman. One example of this type in the literature is the image Iskhomaha in the works of Xenophon.