History of the development of tourism in Russia

History of the development of tourism in Russia

In the first Russian state travel were associated with cognitive , trade , political and religious purposes . Princess Olga in IX . visited Byzantium. According to historian SM Soloviev , the most important reasons that made it a journey , were "curiosity to see the wonders of the educated world " and prestige , as " rose one who was in Constantinople ." The earliest trips are also moving merchant caravans inside ancient Russia and abroad (Constantinople, Astrakhan State , Byzantium , the Great Silk Road ).

Together with Christianity came to Russia the tradition of pilgrimage . At the beginning of the XII century. Abbot Daniel made ​​a pilgrimage to Jerusalem and Constantinople ( after traveling down in history as Daniel pilgrim ) . He described what he had seen with his own eyes , thus initiating religious descriptions of "walking ." Despite the fact that such trips were primarily religious purpose , they carried a big cognitive potential. Stories , descriptions of religious journeys contained the information about the nature , culture and daily life of different countries and peoples. In patriarchal Russia with almost total illiteracy of the majority of the population value of pilgrimages as sources of diverse knowledge was relevant until the XIX century . The main places of pilgrimage abroad were Palestine , Jerusalem, Mount Athos . According to Russian lands - Sergiev Posad, Optina , Root Hermitage and other monasteries in the European part of the country.

At the end of the XVII century. Since the reign of Peter I, when , encouraged them to new trends of Western culture gradually penetrated into the Russian patriarchal way of life , the practice of traveling abroad to acquire knowledge, to expand their cognitive horizons . Example showed himself Tsar Peter I, made ​​a trip to the Grand Moscow embassy in Western Europe. This happened in 1697-1699 gg. Since travel cognitive nature become one of the most common types of tourism in Russia. Travel related to study different aspects of life in the West- European countries , had a significant influence on the development of Russian culture. One of the results of this impact study was required nobles foreign languages ​​at Peter 1 - German, Dutch and later - French . Travel was a great lover of Catherine II. In retinue , along with foreign ambassadors she crossed the entire western part of the empire, sailed along the Dnieper , inspected Kherson and Sevastopol . Voyaged and other members of the royal family . Every nobleman also had the right to go abroad and come back anytime . 11avel I together with his wife under the name Nordic graphs traveled for a year and two months , visited many German cities , visited Austria , the Netherlands, France, Italy.

Thus, the first trip , committed mainly utilitarian , cognitive and religious purposes , formed a territorial movement skills helped spread geographic knowledge about the countries, as well as familiarity with the cultural achievements of different peoples.

Already in the XVIII century . the first attempts to organizing trips abroad for everyone. Foreigner Benjamin Gensh in 1777 produced several pages of the application to the newspaper " Moscow News ", which introduced the "Plan to take a trip to foreign lands ." It was the first invitation to the Russians to make a group trip to Western Europe , the organization that took the originator of the plan. V. Gensh belonged to well-educated people of his time, he has repeatedly made ​​travel to European countries and understand their important educational value . In accordance with the Plan provided for a group of young nobles traveled to one of the German, Italian or French universities , then travel along the route , following through Switzerland , Italy and France , to become familiar with the art of these countries and factory case. Travel conditions stipulated in the special contract.

The main obstacle to travel XVIII - early XIX century. Russia were on bad roads , lack of normal life conditions in a way ( hotels, restaurants, stations for changing horses or recreation ) . Possibility of foreign travel was limited in material terms , even for the upper class . In the 20- ies. XIX century. passport cost 500 rubles. silver , in addition exit permit had to be obtained from the Emperor himself , leaving only permitted for the treatment or commercial transactions . But in the 50 -ies. liberalized the procedures for exit and the end of the XIX century. Geography Travel wealthy nobles spread throughout Europe : Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Sweden and other countries , attracted the Russians. At the beginning of XX century. the cost of travel is becoming much smaller, which extends the range of opportunities for people with incomes slightly above average. In the late XIX - early XX century. Russian tourists constituted a significant part in the French seaside resorts ( Cote d'Azur and the Atlantic coast ) . Tourist business in these areas has been focused on Russian tourists : open " Russian apartments " landlords who tend to be people of Russian origin.

Places for treatment within the country began to practice with the XVIII century. We went to the holy and healing springs , but with the aim of improving . So , March 20, 1719 Peter I issued a decree to open in Karelia resort " Marcial Waters ." This was the beginning of studying the therapeutic properties of mineral springs and dissemination of travel for the purpose of treatment and rehabilitation . Arise balneologicheskie1 resorts in Staraya Russa , Kashin , near Samara ( Sergievskie Mineral Waters ) , Lipetsk and mud spa resort, resorts of Yalta, the Caucasian Mineral Waters . In 1863 a group of scientists founded the Russian society balneologic

Since the XIX century . excursions, travel have been used as a way of teaching in school , vocational and higher education , as well as to collect scientific geographical and local history information about the different regions of Russia

 

Development of science and invention in the art , the emergence of railroads , steamships - all contributed to the rapid spread of both internal and external trips for different purposes.

In 1881, after a pilgrimage to the Holy land of Palestine made ​​a great princes , the Emperor Alexander III signed a decree on the establishment of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society . This public organization acquired the property in the Middle East and organized travel to the Holy Land .

Wide range of activities carried out to promote tourism tourists Russian society , formed on the basis of the Company's bicycle - tourists (CET ) . OVT (another name turingklub Russian ) appeared in 1895, the club was first created . Purpose of development of cycling tourism in Russia , later his work was related to the development of different types of Russian tourism . Society published a magazine "Bicycle ", which is considered " as a touchstone for tourism development in Russia ." On 21 May 1895 the magazine became the official organ of OVT . Subsequently, the magazine was renamed " Russian tourist ." Society cyclists tourists had charter, publish guidebooks, has been developing a road map of the Russian Empire , the establishment of linkages with tourism organizations in Russia and Europe.

Guide OVT has concluded contracts with hotel owners , where members of the public could stay on concessional terms. Developed a special statement , which specifies the full addresses of hotels , information about the owners, information about lodging and prices. By 1900, it was established 14 committees OVT in Russia , opened offices in 135 Russian cities , as well as abroad - in Brussels, Vienna , Geneva, London, Harlem, Milan, Munich and Paris. Friendship treaties were signed with 12 foreign tourist companies in Austria, Belgium , Germany, Italy , the U.S. and other countries. With hotels and restaurants in these countries also concluded agreements on preferential service . At the beginning of XX century. The number of Russians traveling abroad for tourist purposes , increased annually until the First World War.

In the spring of 1900 at the Munich International Sports Exhibition OVT was awarded a gold medal for his contribution in the development of tourism. In 1901, on the basis of OVT provides a single Russian society tourists (POT ) . Members of the public paved tourist routes , moving not only walk , but also on bicycles , riding, skiing , canoeing and participated in the sailing race. Has been made even the first trip around the world on a bicycle Anisim Pankratov . It lasted from 30 December 1911 to 28 June 1913.

Thus , the business period in the history of Russian tourism is characterized , on the one hand, cognitive- oriented excursion , and on the other the formation and development of different kinds of sports tourism . Tourism as a service industry and sector of the economy was just beginning to take shape and wore mostly either elite character , or education and outreach . The main purpose was to educate the tourism masses of the Russian population through tours and travels . Along with this formed the basis for high-end leisure and recreation , as well as a wide array of outbound tourism market . This period covers years 1922 1928 . , When Soviet Russia was introduced the New Economic Policy - NEP . At this time, the organization created a commercial nature, offering effective for the population of Moscow , St. Petersburg and other large Russian cities and travel tours cognitive focus, and the rest in the Crimea and the Caucasus . In 1925-1928 years. functioning state-owned company " Soviet tourists " ( GAO " Sovtur "), which organized long trips on trains and ships for flights

Short period was characterized by the formation of small businesses and medium-sized businesses tourist orientation . Tourist product wore mostly sightseeing and educational and recreational nature . The distinctive features of the business period in the development of Russian tourism can be considered the beginning of the formation of the market of tourist services and exclusivity of their consumption.

Entrepreneurial period is characterized by the following trends :

- Create a tourist infrastructure : restaurants, hotels, transport network ;

- Formed the tourist market , which can be traced two main segments : luxury tourism for the wealthy strata and sightseeing ( recreational ) tourism for the intelligentsia ;

- There are numerous travel agencies , offices , companies , clubs, societies .

In 1928 Russian tourists society was reorganized into proletarian tourism Society , and in 1930 was created Union Voluntary Society for Proletarian Tourism and excursions ( OPTE ) . It included all the Tourism Organization, united within its ranks about 75 thousand people . Thus was the state monopoly in the Russian tourism. Society has a clear organizational structure, which included a cell by industrial enterprises, educational institutions , farms. In all republics worked branches of society. In the Red Army used tourism as a means of instilling patriotism and as a military- athletic training. Special distribution was pedestrian and ski tourism. For the military are also organized trips to places of cognitive character of the civil war in the Crimea, the Caucasus, Moscow and Leningrad

In 1929, the All-Union based corporation "Intourist" ( "Intourist" ) , which was associated with the beginning of the development of foreign tourism and ordering receiving foreign guests. In 1931, to accommodate foreign tourists were created -Union Joint-Stock Company "Hotel" (HLW "Hotel" ) , run by the company there were 17 hotels in different cities of the country . Until 1941 , it was decided about 100 thousand foreign tourists.

By the early 30 -ies. sightseeing and sports tourism has become a mass phenomenon , it was attended by about 00 thousand citizens ^ . At the same time , a number of tourist traffic problems caused by poor material and technical base and a lack of qualified specialists. For \ hasty solutions instead of problems with the All liquidated in 1936, the Society of proletarian tourism and excursions to create a central tourist and tour management ( TEU Trade Unions ) , in charge of the base material and tourist- excursion service population

Development of mass and amateur sports tourism engaged Supreme Council of Physical Culture, which was formed at Union tourism section . In 1939 , a voluntary organization of military- climbing dispute - givnoy direction , of which the Great Patriotic War were formed special units . In 1940 entered the tourist titles for special merits tourists awarded the badge " Tourist USSR".

By 1939, the USSR was established resort industry , health centers located in 1828 and 1270 holiday homes . During the Great Patriotic War activities TEU Trade Unions was suspended and resumed only in 1945 In 1956, the number of tourist centers reached 109 , just been served 179.3 thousand tourists and 2.4 million tourists, sold services to 17.8 million rub. In subsequent years, the number of tourist centers increased to 222. In the postwar years was widespread sports , amateur , family and children's tourism. In 1950 - 60s . All-Union children expedition conducted on sports tourism . Starting from the 1960s . gets spread tourist and sightseeing holiday weekends and holidays, organized rail travel . All tourism activities in the country developed with the support of the state and trade unions. In order to promote international youth tourism in June 1958 created the Bureau of International Youth Tourism "Sputnik". Bureau dealt with the exchange of youth groups in the USSR and other countries. However, during the 1960s and 70s . in foreign trips checking out only 0.4 % of the citizens of the USSR.

In 1960 he created the Central Board of Management of Resorts and Tourism Trade Unions, in 1969 - the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions All. Both boards led republican, territorial and regional councils.

The main features of the centralized organizational period:

- Development of social tourism;

- The creation of a material base for recreational tourism (holiday homes, motels and camping sites);

- The development of a family, and amateur sports tourism;

- Limitation of external (outbound) tourism.

Tourism development in this period was in line with plans , the implementation of which was mandatory. Plans have been developed for long-term (5- SW years) and approved by the highest authorities on tourism. Standard values ​​for plans that were taken as a basis for development of tourism industry and service, subject to strict quality control

This period is characterized by the further development of social tourism . Tourism is also used as a means of educational influence on the younger generation . For example, in the 1970s . held -union campaigns and expeditions school children and youth . The objectives of such a massive tourist events were promoting patriotism and guided sailing , local history work , athletic training and hardening . Important role in the development of children and school of tourism in the 1970's and 80 's. Central Children played tourist and sightseeing- onnaya station and long-distance travel management USSR Ministry of Education

In the period 1980 to 1992 and rising material and technical base of medical and health tourism , new hotel complexes in major cities across the country are spreading new services - a family holiday and kursovochnoe treatment. When kursovochnom treatment holidaymakers living in apartments and houses the private sector , and treatment and rehabilitation received in a sanatorium. Was well developed excursion service by a network of travel agencies (by country of over 900 ) , and recreation - on the basis of sanatoriums and rest homes . In 1985, tourist organizations provided services to 38 million people , excursion - 210 million The highest annual growth of foreign tourism in the USSR ( 10% of the world average - 5.6 %) accounted for the period 1976-80 gg.

 

The main features of the administrative and regulatory period :

- The development of tourism in a tougher regulation and planning;

- Expansion of the geography of tourism ( Siberia, the Far East);

- Concentration of recreational services in geographically favorable climatic zones ;

- The spread of new forms of care ( family vacation, kursovochnoe treatment);

- Formation of the largest and cheapest in the world and the social base of amateur tourism ;

- Establishment of a scientific basis of the study of tourism;

- The growth of foreign tourism indicators .

This period of development of Russian tourism characterized by the transition from the administrative management of tourism to the economic stimulus , based on the new Russian laws relating to both business and the market in general , and tourism -related activities in particular.

For the transition period characterized by the following trends :

- The transition from a monopoly to a mixed economy ( tourist enterprises will become the property of different owners );

- Formation of the tourist market on the basis of new laws;

- The use of tourist resources in the market based on the new economic and legal relations ;

- The changing nature of demand due to the emergence of new types of tourism services ( exit shop tours - travel to wholesale purchases , entertainment , adventure tours , language learning , etc.) ;

uselessness of the material base of tourism (hotels, boarding houses, rest );

emergence of a large number of small and medium tourism enterprises ;

average growth of outbound tourism , especially for the purpose of shopping

In 2000, the development of tourism in Russia was characterized by the following directions:

further development of the tourist market ;

improvement of the relevant legislation;

development of new technologies in the hospitality industry ;

development of new types of tourism product ;

use of computer reservation systems and redundancy ;

development of educational and scientific base of tourism ;

creation of Russian tourist companies;

emergence of monopolistic structures in the Russian tourist market ;

joint business with foreign firms ;

activation of promotion of tourist product on the market.

Modern understanding of the role of tourism . Despite the rapid development of tourism in the 1960s and 90s . , He still is a phenomenon whose value does not always properly assessed in the political, economic and social life.

Situation in the country due to the importance assigned to the new company objectives to take into account certain structural changes in the socio- political and economic nature , the need to meet the material needs and the revaluation of intangible assets .

New vertical associations can and should create their chain services , routes , joint ventures, but not to any case have no right at the sectoral level to allow the creation of new enterprises , including joint or subsidiaries , or to impose a ban on them. It is the prerogative of the initiators themselves , including in the social tourism.

Depending on the status of members of the Company uses bank loans , research and development , training programs , scholarships for training, incentives for the purchase of new technologies of information and computer technology and software programs , unique domestic and foreign projects. This principle determines the contribution to the society , the extent and scope of participation in international programs . For a joint stock company are : the organization of industry vertical structures ; guide them; method of determining the standard and class of service , certification , licensing and certification of tourist sites , routes , personnel , establishment of order issue and sale of shares and other securities , including traveler's checks and fiscal documents .

Tourism literacy professionals of recreation and leisure - the overriding objective . Currently developed proposals for a continuity of training for professionals and staff , including the project of forming a complex scientific and production center with international structures . The essence of the project , firstly, targeted funding programs for education and training skilled workers. Source here alone - production costs. But secondly - in the training sequence . Here we must distinguish several levels and stages : 1) professional orientation ( branch exchange rate network , production and economic studies , schools and workshops) . This level is widely developed in all subsystems of tourism, it should be improved , regularly updating courses ; ? -) Training of staff and specialists , and 3) post-graduate training , ie training and professional development . This level also has to be implemented mainly at inter-sectoral or departmental level, where the leading role should belong to the parent institutions of tourist agencies.