Ideological paradigm of culture: Isaac Newton and the "British economic miracle"

MITRO

 

 

 

Project for the scientific conference for students and teachers

 

 

Theme of the project:

 

Ideological paradigm of culture:

Isaac Newton and the "British economic miracle"

 

 

 

 

Written by:

Student of the 1 course of

Department of Journalism

MITRO

Gaiduk T. V.

 

 

Scientific director:

Teacher of English language

MITRO

Vassilieva I. V.

 

 

 

CONTEST:

 

1. 1.1     Introduction Page…………………………………………3

1.2     Introduction Page – unexpected Newton………………...3

2. 2.1   The need for economic reform in England in the late 16th century……………………………………………………………4
2. Problem Essence…………………………………………...4
3. Problem Reasons…………………………………………..4
4. Ways of Decision………………………………………...4-6
3.        Conclusion…………………………………………………7

           Application………………………………………………..8

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. 1.1. Human society is a complex integrated system, which is composed of different structural elements. Major areas of public life - economics, politics, law, art, morality, religion, and science. And in each of these areas general patterns of functioning and of culture are shown in a special way. Therefore of great interest is the analysis of these types of culture as an economic, political, legal, moral, religious, and artistic.

In my project I will be talking about the culture of the economy.

Recall that the economy is a social institution designed for the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of goods and services.

Economic culture is presented primarily as a set of values ​​and norms that are regulators of economic activity and relationships. It is also linked to the skills and abilities of workers, ways of organizing economic life and the concrete results of the manufacturing process. Cultural patterns that were created in the economy, act as social memory economic development.

 

1.2. Strange as it may sound, but in the history of British economic culture is closely related to the famous scientist Isaac Newton.

There is a theme, almost untouched by the biographers of Newton. It is his work as director of the Royal Mint. It was not for the great scholar purely technical service. As director of the Newton was one of the leaders of the currency reform which caused the "British economic miracle."

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2. 2.1. Initially, the main cause of the English industrial revolution of the XVIII century researchers has seen in technology. Recently, however, more attention has been paid to the analysis of socio-political and demographic conditions existing in the country. Particular interest is the UK financial system, because "it is the creation of this had an amazing flexibility and reliability of the system has allowed British banks for decades to operate, with a value much higher than the real potential of the national economy.

How England managed to create the funding mechanism for the economy and for a long time to maintain it running smoothly?

 

2. Isaac Newton took active participation in the preparation and conduct of this reform called the great minting, during his tenure as superintendent, and then director of the Royal Mint.

Newton participated in the conduct of monetary reform and its leadership Mint demanded his tremendous dedication, but in its importance and complexity, it was not commensurate with his scientific achievements. Newton's biographers agree that as director of the Newton often manifest tyranny, intolerance and violence, especially when dealing with personal enemies.

 

3. It should be noted that strict management methods Newton is largely explained by the terrible condition in which the Royal Mint at the time of the arrival of the new director. The institution, which was distinguished by a special discipline reigned drunkenness, fights and thefts, including the theft Chekanov, which then sold the servants themselves counterfeiters. It is not surprising, therefore, that the fight against corruption, theft and counterfeiting Newton had to be firm and seek to expand their administrative and legal authority, including the establishment at the Mint's own prison and detectives involved in the investigation of various financial crimes and violations across the country . As the biographers, the Mint at Newton with the establishment of branches in other cities actually turned into a kind of empire, has been very degree of centralization and control, which has been made the UK until the mid XIX century.

 

4. Catching the reorganization of the Mint, Newton showed remarkable activity that can hardly be attributed to only one diligence. It is believed that he pursued and some higher purpose than just solving problems. It is possible that such a goal was to create a new financial system.

Large minting coins preceded the creation of a new financial system.

Among the many serious shortcomings of the financial system in England late XVII century the most serious damage was silver coins, then constituted the bulk of the cash. This was facilitated by the imperfection of minting coins, most of which are handmade. As a result, the shape and size of coins do not always meet standards. In addition, they lacked ribbed rim. This allowed us to quietly cut some coins with "surplus" and jammed the cut dirt, spoiled again let the money in circulation. Although for this "operation" relied gallows temptation to get rich was a little too big, so the thousands of people with normal counterfeiters discounted money in circulation.

Mass defacement of money affects the interests of virtually all segments of the population; the country was a greater evil than any treason. Continuous depreciation of money does the impossible normal business life, because each was afraid of fraud, although at every opportunity he sought to pay off bad coin. Therefore, in the markets, shops and offices regularly scandals and fights broke out. As a result, trade is minimized, and the production of falling into decay.

Since the partial measures to solve the problem failed to rescue the economy had to immediately replace all the money in circulation. Experience such changes have had, in the past century, the government did not confiscate all the time and money to corrupt reminds them into new, full-fledged. However, at the end of XVII century the scale of economic activity increased so much that it was unclear whether the can again carry out a similar operation.

On the other hand, despite the possibility of failure, to delay the reform could not be greater. The position of England continued to deteriorate.

Money exchange becomes inevitable, so in parliament and government began heated discussions about these ways to reform that would combine the interests of the Treasury, the population of big business and foreign creditors. In seeking such a solution played an important role Isaac Newton, to which the British government specifically asked for advice.

This is how the historical works explained the unusual fact of participation of scientists in public affairs: "... such an obvious recognition of the authority of scientists in public affairs was not an accident ... The interest in the work of scientists by politicians and religious leaders especially strong in the Restoration, when the continuous feud between the King and the parliament, as well as between different churches and denominations created a crisis of confidence in existing institutions in the country and created an ideological vacuum, which was to fill the need to find some completely new and at the same time, credible global benchmarks. "

One striking example of the community of scientists and politicians began to consider the currency reform, the authors of which, in addition to Newton, were Locke, Montague, and Somers.

At the end of 1699 the Parliament of England passed a package of laws mandating citizens in due time to put into the treasury of all of their money and get spoiled in return (at face value!) new, full coin.

Initially, the exchange of money and there is an urgent dire shortage of cash for the economy, as the Mint did not cope with the rapidly increasing workload. However, after in 1696, the management took over Newton, the production of money was quickly increased almost tenfold. By the end of 1697 cash deficit, which literally paralyzed the trade was abolished, and business life of England resumed in full. In this treasury, collecting taxes with increasing trade, could in a few years to fully compensate the losses incurred during the exchange of money. Thus, the reform in favor of the population and the business community was profitable for the government.

Stabilization of the economy of England, who came after the great over striking for decades, has become the most important factor that occurred at the end of XVIII century, after the death of Newton, the Industrial Revolution. This period was characterized by rapid and far more radical than during the industrial revolution of the second half of the XVII century, the modernization of British industry.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3. Thus, while the outer life of Newton remained not violent, in fact, it was closely linked to the economic, political and scientific characteristics of the time: the transition from feudalism to capitalism, the recognition of the usefulness of science, reviewing the role of money in society. Newton lived in an era of change, he and his work cannot be unaffected by them. But this influence was mutual. Newton's work in physics and mathematics were the essence of the scientific revolution of the XVII century. And he played a major role in the industrial revolution of the XVIII century. And Newton was sources of the new economic policy of Britain.

Economic culture largely determines the development of society, creating a level of engineering and technology, property, methods of distribution and consumption of material goods. The level of economic culture creates the material basis for the development of other cultures. And we can clearly see this by considering the work of just one person - Isaac Newton.

 

Now you can see the data from a survey that I conducted among the students of our university. I asked the students one question: do you think that the economic culture in the development of society plays a big role? The respondents were allotted three options: yes, no, and no answer. Now you see on the screen the percentage of responses.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Application:

 

1. http://www.portal-slovo.ru/impressionism/41379.php;
2. http://www.google.ru/search?q=%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8&hl=ru&newwindow=1&rlz=1C1CHMW_ruRU496RU496&prmd=imvns&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=r6-eUPzCOqWq4ATf44DoBQ&sqi=2&ved=0CC8QsAQ&biw=1680&bih=935;
3. http://h-sciences.ru/cultura/66-4-vidy-kultury.html.

 

 

2013 year