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Modality – is a multifold phenomenon, and therefore in the linguistic literature we can find different thoughts concerning the essence of this phenomenon. Modality (from Latin modus – measure, method, shape) in different object domains is a category which characterizes modus operandi or an attitude toward the action.
МИНОБРНАУКИ РФ
ФГБОУ ВПО «ЧЕЛЯБИНСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»
ФАКУЛЬТЕТ ЛИНГВИСТИКИ И ПЕРЕВОДА
КАФЕДРА ТЕОРИИ И ПРАКТИКИ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА
Report
Means of Expressing Modality in
the English language
Челябинск, 2013
Modality – is a multifold phenomenon, and therefore in the linguistic literature we can find different thoughts concerning the essence of this phenomenon. Modality (from Latin modus – measure, method, shape) in different object domains is a category which characterizes modus operandi or an attitude toward the action.
Human thinking is a result of the world perception and it is closely connected with language – the primary means of its expression. The category of modality is the category of language, so it presents in itself the judgment concerning the reality or the statement related to the phenomena of the reality. In general, modality can be defined as the speaker’s attitude to the content of his statement and the relation of the content of the statement to the reality.
In other words, modality is a category of linguistic meaning having to do with the expression of possibility and necessity. It is a grammatical-semantic category, which expresses the speaker’s attitude towards the expression, his evaluation of the attitude contributed towards objective reality.
Traditionally, modality is divided into two types: objective modality and subjective modality. This approach was based on the works of Russian scholar V. Z. Panfilov. In this case, objective modality is an attitude of the expression towards reality (reality or unreality, possibility or impossibility, necessity or probability etc.) and subjective modality is the expression of speaker’s attitude towards the utterance. In Russian linguistics modality was a subject of interest for many scholars. For example, academician V.V Vinogradov, who was one of the first who gave very broad interpretation of the category of modality. His works, dedicated to the problem of modality, are very important for modern linguists. V. V. Vinogradov first of all refers modality to “the fundamental structural characteristic of any sentence” and characterizes it as “the speaker’s evaluation of the relation of utterance content to the reality”. His definition of modality is widely used in English studies, possibly because, as I.R. Galperin mentions, “… modern English grammars avoid giving the definition of this category, and when they deal with it, they limit themselves to the indication of the forms, in which the modality is realized”.
In West-European linguistics Sh.Ballie’s conception of modality was widely spread. In his opinion, in any utterance/expression we can single out basic content (dictum) and modal part (modus), in which is expressed intellectual, emotional and volitional consideration of the speaker concerning dictum. He distinguishes explicite and implicit modus. The main form of expression of the explicite modus is the main clause consisting of compound sentence with object clause. Thus, in Sh.Ballie’s interpretation modality is presented as syntactic category, in the expression of which the modal verbs play the main role.
Category of modality is differentiated into two types: objective and subjective. Objective modality is mandatory, because it is one of the categories that form a predicative unit - offer. It expresses the ratio of reported to reality in terms of implementation or feasibility. Objective modality is organically linked to the category of time and differentiated on the basis of temporary certainty - uncertainty. The value of time and reality - unreality merged, the complex of these values is called objective-modal values.
Subjective modality expresses the ratio of the speaker to the information; it is an optional feature of the utterance. Semantic basis of subjective evaluation of the concept of modality forms in the broad sense, including not only the intellectual and rational skills imparted, but also different types of emotional reaction. By evaluating, which is characterized by values, we understand the values that combine the expression of the subjective attitude (subjective characteristics, facts, events of qualities, properties, nature of occurrence in time) or of its links and relations with other facts and events.
Different kinds of modal meaning can be distinguished. Alethic modality (Greek: aletheia, meaning ‘truth’), sometimes logical or metaphysical modality, concerns what is possible or necessary in the widest sense. It is in fact hard to find convincing examples of alethic modality in natural language, and its inclusion in the list is primarily for reason of historical completeness. Epistemic modality (Greek episteme, meaning ‘knowledge’) concerns what is possible or necessary given what is known and what the available evidence is. Deontic modality (Greek: deon, meaning ‘duty’) concerns what is possible, necessary, permissible, or obligatory given laws or a set of moral principles, etc. Bouletic modality, sometimes boulomaic modality, concerns what is possible or necessary given person’s desires. Circumstantial modality, sometimes dynamic modality, concerns what is possible or necessary given a particular set of circumstances. Teleological modality (Greek telos, meaning ‘goal’) concerns what means are possible or necessary for achieving a particular goal.
According to A.V. Bondarko there are 6 types of meaning, which have different (grammatical, lexical, intonation) means of expressing:
According to I. V. Korunets, a Ukrainian linguist, modality is an extralingual category expressing the relation of content to reality. These include:
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