Традиционная китайская медицина

Для традиционной китайской медицины характерны представления о меридианах, выступающих в качестве каналов движения жизненной энергии ци. Эти представления до сих пор базируются на метафизических принципах[13], характерных для донаучной медицины[13]. Меридианы и соответствующие им точки рассматриваются современной наукой как вымышленные сущности[16].

Современные западные научные представления о человеческой анатомии также возникли на основании метафизических[13] представлений донаучной медицины, таких как «жидкости» (гуморы)[13], «мышцы»[17] и др. В процессе становления научной медицины были установлены соответствия между этими метафизическими принципами и результатами эмпирических наблюдений, что привело к формированию современных анатомических знаний[17]. Так, метафизические представления о жидкостях (гуморах) трансформировались в современные знания о кровеносной и лимфатической системах.

Традиционная китайская медицина строилась на иных представлениях. Так, идея «мышц» в ней отсутствовала[17]. При этом существуют попытки установления аналогий между метафизическими представлениями о гуморальной циркуляции в западной традиции и движении ци в китайской[17]. Среди современных китайских исследователей распространено убеждение[значимость факта?] в научности традиционной китайской медицины[8], как имеющей эмпирические основания[какие?], но развивающейся на основании представлений о человеческом теле, отличающихся от принятых в западной традиции[8].

Рядом исследователей предпринимались заметные усилия по установлению соответствия между современными научными представлениями о человеческой анатомии, в частности о сердечно-сосудистой, нервной и лимфатической системах, и меридианами[11][12][10]. Однако достоверных научных доказательств подобных соответствий обнаружить не удалось[11][12][10].

Примечания

1. ↑ 1 2 Taylor K. CHAPTER 3 (part2): Modernizing the Old. The Creation of a 'Traditional' Chinese Medicine, 1953-6 - www.acucentre.com.au/Classics/HistPersp/KTaylor/KTaylor 3.2.pdf // Chinese Medicine in Early Communist China, 1945-63. A medicine of revolution.— London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2005.
   «TCM is a medical construct distinct to Communist China. The term refers only to Chinese medicine from mid-1956 as located in mainland China. I will therefore adopt the convention of using the acronym TCM to describe only the standardized, government-created, institution-bound medicine that has existed in the PRC since 1956. This is quite distinct from the general, uncapitalized term 'traditional Chinese medicine' which refers to past forms of Chinese medicine in general. I believe that it is heuristically useful to make this distinction of TCM as a modern subset of contemporary Chinese medicine, because it allows us a certain consensus among scholars».

2.       ↑ 1 2 3 Atwood K. A Partial Book Review: Chinese Medicine in Early Communist China, 1945-63: a Medicine of Revolution, by Kim Taylor - www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/?p=505
The Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) that has been fostered in the PRC is not traditional. The very adjective Traditional, in regard to Chinese medicine, was not formally used in China until the mid-1950s, and even then was applied «exclusively in English language literature produced by the Chinese mainland press…» (Taylor, p. 86)

3.       Hong Hai Kuhn and the Two Cultures of Western and Chinese Medicine - journal.acs-cam.org.uk/data/archive/2009/200903-article2.pdf // Journal of Cambridge Studies, Vol 4. No.3 September 2009, p.20
«Chinese medicine henceforth became known as “Traditional Chinese Medicine” (TCM) to refer to the state-sanctioned practice of Chinese medicine. It was “traditional” only in the sense of having originated from the classics of Chinese medicine and being a different system from modern Western medicine. But in fact it was a new system that reflected the social and political milieu of modern China.
The first national textbook appeared in 1958, titled Outline of Chinese Medicine (Zhongyixue gailun 中医学概论). It was superseded by other specialized texts covering foundational theory, diagnostics, acupuncture and moxibustion, material medica, prescriptions, internal medicine, pediatrics, gynecology, skin diseases so forth. The structural similarity of these textbooks to their Western medical counterparts was obvious and deliberate. The textbooks constituted a massive systematization of medical theory and practice, the first to appear in Chinese history».

4.       ↑ 1 2 3 К.Шнорренбергер Учебник китайской медицины для западных врачей — М: «Balbe», 2003.

5.       Jackson J. P. What is acupuncture? - www.ukskeptics.com/acupuncture.php // UKSkeptics

6.       ↑ 1 2 Modern China 1912AD ~ present - www.shen-nong.com/eng/history/modern.html / TCM History. Shen-Nong.org

7.       Atwood K. A Partial Book Review: Chinese Medicine in Early Communist China, 1945-63: a Medicine of Revolution, by Kim Taylor - www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/?p=505
«…They should learn how to use modern science to explain the principles of Chinese medicine. They should translate some classical Chinese medicine books into modern language, with proper annotations and explanations. Then a new medical science, based on the integration of Chinese and Western medicine, can emerge. That would be a great contribution to the world».

8.       ↑ 1 2 3 http://coombs.anu.edu.au/SpecialProj/ASAA/biennial-conference/2006/Paton-Michael-ASAA2006.pdf - coombs.anu.edu.au/SpecialProj/ASAA/biennial-conference/2006/Paton-Michael-ASAA2006.pdf

9.       Introduction - www.shen-nong.com/eng/history/introduction.html / TCM History. Shen-Nong.org

10.   ↑ 1 2 3 NIH Consensus Development Program Acupuncture -- Consensus Development Conference Statement - consensus.nih.gov/1997/1997Acupuncture107html.htm. National Institutes of Health (November 3–5, 1997).
«Despite considerable efforts to understand the anatomy and physiology of the „acupuncture points“, the definition and characterization of these points remains controversial. Even more elusive is the basis of some of the key traditional Eastern medical concepts such as the circulation of Qi, the meridian system, and the five phases theory, which are difficult to reconcile with contemporary biomedical information but continue to play an important role in the evaluation of patients and the formulation of treatment in acupuncture».

11.   ↑ 1 2 3 Beyerstein B.L., Sampson W. Traditional Medicine and Pseudoscience in China: A Report of the Second CSICOP Delegation (Part 1) - www.csicop.org/si/show/china_conference_1/ // Skeptical Inquirer 20(4):18-26, 1996.
«…Although the delegation found this „force“ dismally inaccurate when the Qigong masters invoked it to diagnose illnesses, it is the same „energy“ that TCM advocates say runs through acupuncture meridians to effect healing. It has always struck us as odd that proponents can accept that this mysterious energy is unable to interact with the physical matter in the sensors of measuring instruments (which could confirm its existence) while it is still able to interact with the physical matter of bodily organs to „read“ their state of health and produce a cure».
«8. For instance, no reputable scientist has ever found an anatomical basis in the circulatory, nervous, or lymphatic systems for the „meridians“ through which the health-enhancing vital energies posited by TCM are supposed to flow».

12.   ↑ 1 2 3 Barrett S. Be Wary of Acupuncture, Qigong, and «Chinese Medicine» - www.quackwatch.com/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/acu.html // quackwatch.com, 2008.

13.   ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Charlton B. G. Philosophy of medicine: alternative or scientific - www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1293580/?page=2  (англ.) // Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. — 1992 August. — № 85(8). — С. 437.

14.   ↑ 1 2 Zhaori Ge-tu Face challenges with confidence when we review the great achievements at the 60th birthday of the people′s republic - cmj.org/periodical/PaperList.asp?id=CMJLW2009928300925604521 // Chinese Medical Journal, 2009;122(19):2205-2208

15.   ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Дубровин Д. А. Трудные вопросы классической китайской медицины. Л.: Аста-пресс, 1991

16.   NCAHF Position Paper on Acupuncture (1990) - www.ncahf.org/pp/acu.html // The National Council Against Health Fraud, Inc.
«NCAHF believes: 1) Acupuncture is an unproven modality of treatment; 2) Its theory and practice are based on primitive and fanciful concepts of health and disease that bear no relationship to present scientific knowledge…»
«The life force, Ch’i, has no basis in human physiology. The meridians are imaginary; their locations do not relate to internal organs, and therefore do not relate to human anatomy. Acupuncture points are also imaginary».

17.   ↑ 1 2 3 4 http://www.sesp.northwestern.edu/docs/publications/6074956944509ac426aaa6.pdf - www.sesp.northwestern.edu/docs/publications/6074956944509ac426aaa6.pdf

Литература

• Гаваа Лувсан Традиционные и современные аспекты восточной медицины. — Московские учебники и Картолитография, 2000. — 408 с. — 50000 экз. — ISBN 978-5-7853-0107-5