Nursing in the United Kingdom

Государственное бюджетное образовательное  учреждение

высшего профессионального образования

«Волгоградский  государственный медицинский университет»

Министерства здравоохранения  и социального развития

Российской Федерации

 

МЕДИЦИНСКИЙ КОЛЛЕДЖ

 

                    Nursing in the United Kingdom

 

 

 

 

 

  Выполнила: студентка 2 курса отделения

   «Сестринское дело»

   Сенокосова Полина Алексеевна

                                                              

Проверил: преподаватель иностранного языка: Охоцкая В.В.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Волгоград 2013

 

Nursing in the United Kingdom has a long history, but in its current form probably dates back to the era of Florence Nightingale, who initiated schools of nursing in the latter part of the 19th and early 20th centuries. During the latter part of the 20th century, increases in autonomy and professional status changed the nursing role from "handmaiden" to the doctor to independent practitioners.

The profession has gone through many changes in role and regulation. Nurses now work in a variety of settings in hospitals, health centres, nursing homes and in the patients' own homes. Nearly 400,000 nurses in the United Kingdom work for the National Health Service (NHS). To practise, all nurses must be registered with the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC).

The history of nursing dates back to ancient times, where medical folklore was associated with good or evil spirits, the sick were usually cared for in temples and houses of worship. In the early Christian era nursing duties were undertaken by certain women in the Church, their services being extended to patients in their homes. These women had no real training by today's standards, but experience taught them valuable skills, especially in the use of herbs and drugs, and some gained fame as the physicians of their era. Remnants of the religious nature of nurses remains in Britain today, especially with the retention of the term "Sister" for a senior female nurse.

 

Florence Nightingale

Florence Nightingale is regarded as the founder of modern nursing. There was no real hospital training school for nurses until one was established in Kaiserwerth, Germany, in 1846. There, Nightingale received the training that later enabled her to establish, at St Thomas' Hospital in London, the first school designed primarily to train nurses rather than to provide nursing service for the hospital.

In March 1854 Britain, France and Turkey declared war on Russia. Nightingale was appointed to oversee the introduction of female nurses into the military hospitals in Turkey due to criticisms in the British press. On 4 November 1854, Nightingale arrived at the Barrack Hospital in Scutari, a suburb on the Asian side of Constantinople, with a party of thirty-eight nurses. Initially the doctors did not want the nurses there and did not ask for their help, but within ten days fresh casualties arrived from the Battle of Inkermann and the nurses were fully stretched.

When Nightingale returned from the Crimean War in August 1856, four months after the peace treaty was signed, she hid herself away from the public's attention. For her contribution to Army statistics and comparative hospital statistics in 1860, Nightingale became the first woman to be elected a fellow of the Statistical Society. In 1865 she settled at 10 South Street, Mayfair, in the West End of London and apart from occasional visits to Embley Park, Lea Hurst and to her sister at Claydon House she lived there until her death.

1858-1902

When state registration of the medical profession had begun in 1858, many observers pointed to the need for a similar system for nursing. That year, the Nursing Record (renamed the British Journal of Nursing in 1902), a nursing journal, called for "... the whole question of the Registration of trained nurses to be set forth in a succinct form before the profession and the public". Support for the regulation of nursing began to become more widespread following the establishment of organised nurse training in 1860.

By the 1880s, the Hospitals Association (an early version of the NHS Confederation) was committed to the principle of registration for nurses. The Matrons' Committee, comprising the matrons of the leading hospitals, agreed with registration, but differed in their views of the required length of training, arguing for three years as opposed to the one supported by the Hospitals Association. In 1887, the Hospitals Association overruled the matrons and established a non-statutory voluntary register. At this the Matrons' Committee split between one group which supported the Hospitals Association and another faction, led by Ethel Gordon Fenwick, which opposed the new register and sought to align themselves more closely with the medical profession. Florence Nightingale, incidentally, supported neither group and was opposed to any form of regulation for nursing, believing that the essential qualities of the nurse could neither be taught, examined nor regulated.

In 1887, the group of nurses associated with Ethel Gordon Fenwick formed the British Nurses' Association (BNA), which sought "... to unite all British nurses in membership of a recognised profession and to provide for their registration on terms, satisfactory to physicians and surgeons, as evidence of their having received systematic training".

Therefore two separate voluntary registers now existed. Whereas that maintained by the Hospitals Association was purely an administrative list, the register established by the BNA had a more explicit public protection remit.

1905-1920

National Council of Nurses formed.

The First World War results in large numbers of unmarried women, many of whom devote their lives to nursing.

College of Nursing founded in 1915. (See entries on Cooper Perry and Royal College of Nursing)

1919 sees the Nurses Registration Act and the establishment of the Ministry of Health.

The pressure for state registration grew throughout the 1890s but was undermined by disagreements within the profession over the desired form and purpose of the regulatory system. In 1902, the Midwives Registration Act established the state regulation of midwives and, two years later, a House of Commons Select Committee was established to consider the registration of nurses.

The committee reported in 1904 and set out a detailed and persuasive case for registration. However, the government sat on the report and took no action. Over the next decade, a number of private member's bills to establish regulation were introduced but all failed to achieve significant support in Parliament.

The First World War provided the final impetus to the establishment of nursing regulation, partly because of the specific contribution made by nurses to the war effort and also as a reflection of the increased contribution of women more generally in society. The College of Nursing (later the Royal College of Nursing) was established in 1916 and three years later persuaded a backbench Member of Parliament (MP), Major Richard Barnett, to introduce a private members bill to establish a regulatory system. The bill was finally passed in December 1919 and separate Nurses Registration Acts were passed for England/Wales, Scotland and Ireland, which was still part of the United Kingdom at the time. These acts established the General Nursing Council for England and Wales and the other bodies which survived intact until the legislative changes in 1979 which were to create the UKCC and the National Boards of Nursing. Ethel Gordon Fenwick was the first nurse on the English register.

1930s

Foundation of the National Society of Male Nurses.

The Royal College of Nursing gains its royal charter.

1940s[edit]

Role of state enrolled nurse formally recognised, with two years' training instead of three.

Horder Committee recommends fewer nursing schools and the introduction of inspection.

Penicillin becomes available for civilian use.

Numbers of male nurses increase as demobilised service men with medical experience join the profession.

The National Health Service (NHS) is launched, offering comprehensive health care for all, free at the point of delivery, but paid for through taxation.

1950s

Large influx of Caribbean entrants into British nurse training.

Introduction of tranquillisers transforms mental health nursing.

Male nurses join the main nursing register in 1951.

University of Edinburgh runs the first course for clinical nurse teachers.

The Mental Health Act 1958 abolishes the legal separation of psychiatric hospitals, allowing those patients to be admitted to any hospital.

1960s

Availability of sterile supplies brings an end to washing and sterilization of equipment such as dressings and syringes

Edinburgh initiates the first degree in nursing.

The Nursing Homes Act 1963 brings registration and greater control by local authorities.

The Salmon report calls for reform to nurse grading, initiating the end of matrons.[3]

Nurse Dame Cicely Saunders sets up the first hospice in 1967.

Termination of pregnancy becomes legal under the Abortion Act 1967.

1970s

Nurses march to Downing Street demanding better pay, and win increases of up to 58 per cent.

Manchester University appoints the first professor of nursing.

The Royal College of Nursing (RCN) becomes a trade union.

The Nursing Process establishes an ethos based on assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation.

Reform of shift patterns begins

The Briggs Committee was established in 1970 due to pressure from the RCN to consider issues around the quality and nature of nurse training and the place of nursing within the NHS, rather than regulation per se. It reported in 1972 and recommended a number of changes to professional education. Almost as an afterthought, Briggs also recommended the replacement of the existing regulatory structure (involving nine separate bodies across the United Kingdom) with a unified central council and separate boards in each of the four countries with specific responsibility for education. Six years of debate and delay followed before the modified Briggs proposals formed the basis of the Nurses, Midwives and Health Visitors Act 1979. This was due to the need to take account of devolution, Treasury misgivings, lack of consensus within the professions (especially from midwives), and a lack of government will to find the parliamentary time to enact the legislation.

1980s

Mass meetings are held over pay, the state of the NHS, clinical grading and the abolition of the enrolled nurse.

United Kingdom Central Council for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting (UKCC) becomes the profession's new regulatory body in 1983.

In 1983, the UKCC was set up. Its core functions were to maintain a register of UK nurses, midwives and health visitors, provide guidance to registrants, and handle professional misconduct complaints. At the same time, National Boards were created for each of the UK countries. Their main functions were to monitor the quality of nursing and midwifery education courses, and to maintain the training records of students on these courses.

This structure survived with minor modifications until April 2002, when the UKCC ceased to exist and its functions were taken over by a new Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC). The English National Board was also abolished and its quality assurance function was taken on board by the NMC. The other National Boards were also abolished, but new bodies were created in each country to take over their functions, for example, NES in Scotland.[4]

1990s

Reforms to training under Project 2000 begin to be implemented.

Post-registration education is introduced.

Nurse-led helpline NHS Direct is founded.

2000-2005

Health care reforms set out in The NHS Plan.

The Nursing and Midwifery Council takes over from the UKCC in 2002.

Agenda for Change paves the way for a new pay structure for nurses.

Nurse employers inspected for staff-friendly policies under Improving Working Lives and Investors in People.

In 2005 nurse numbers hit 397,500 - an all-time high.

Nursing students are given super-numery status throughout their three years of training.

 

 

Рекомендуемая литература и электронные ресурсы (I-net источники).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing_in_the_United_Kingdom

http://www.nmc-uk.org/About-us/The-history-of-nursing-and-midwifery-regulation

http://www.nursing.manchester.ac.uk/ukchnm

http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/techniques/nursing.aspx

http://www.rcn.org.uk/development/rcn_archives/historical_nursing_journals

http://www.rcn.org.uk/development/communities/specialisms/history_of_nursing

http://www.redcross.org.uk/About-us/Who-we-are/Museum-and-archives/Historical-factsheets/Nurses-and-hospitals

http://www.academia.edu/1689752/History_of_childrens_nursing_in_the_UK

 

 

 

Сестринское дело в Соединенном  Королевстве имеет долгую историю , но в его нынешнем виде , вероятно, восходит к эпохе Флоренс Найтингейл , которая инициировала школы медсестер в последней части 19-го и начала 20 веков.

История сестринского дела датируется древних времен. В начале христианской эры уходом за больными, были предприняты определенные женщины в Церкви , их услуги распространяется на пациентов в их домах.

Флоренс Найтингейл

Флоренс Найтингейл считается основателем современного сестринского дела.В марте 1854 Великобритания, Франция и Турция объявила войну России . Найтингейл  была назначена ответственной за введение медицинских сестер в военных госпиталях. 4 ноября 1854 года, Найтингейл приехала в больницу Барака в Скутари , пригороде на азиатской стороне Константинополя , с партией тридцати восьми медсестер.

1858-1902При государственной  регистрации медицинской профессии  начался в 1858 году, многие наблюдатели  указывали на необходимость для  аналогичной системы для кормления. К 1880 году Ассоциация Больницы (ранняя версия Конфедерации NHS ) привержена принципу регистрации для медсестер.

1905-1920Первая мировая война  приводит к большому числу  незамужних женщин , многие из которых посвятить свою жизнь престарелых .Колледжа медсестер , основанной в 1915 году.

1919 выходит  Закон о  регистрации и создании Министерства  здравоохранения.

1930-е годыФонд Национального общества санитаров.Королевский колледж сестринского дела получает свою царскую грамоту .

1940-х годахРоль государства поступил медсестра официальное признание , два года обучения вместо трех.Комитет рекомендует меньше школ кормящих и введение контроля.Пенициллин становится доступным для использования в гражданских целях.1950-е годыБольшой приток Карибских абитуриентов к подготовке медсестер .1960Наличие стерильных материалов приносит конец мытья и стерилизации оборудования, таких как повязки и шприцы.

1970Медсестры устраивают  поход на Даунинг-стрит с требованием  повышения зарплаты , и выигрывают, увеличивается в размере до 58 процентов .

1980Центральный совет Великобритания  по сестринскому делу, акушерству  и здоровье Посещение ( UKCC ) становится новым регулирующим органом в профессии в 1983 году.1990-е годы

Реформы обучения по Project 2000 начинают осуществляться .

2000-2005Реформы здравоохранения  , изложенных в NHS плана .Сестринского  и акушерского дела Совет берет  на себя от UKCC в 2002 году.Программа перемен прокладывает путь к новой структуры оплаты труда медицинских сестер.