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First of all lets determine what does it mean translation? Translation is the process of turning an original or "source" text into a text in another language.
Translation is a means of interlingual communication. The translator makes
Міністерство освіти і науки, молоді та спорту України
Івано-Франківський національний технічний університет нафти і газу
Реферат на тему:
Переклад як діяльність та його соціальне
призначення.
Івано-Франківськ
2013 р.
First of all lets determine what does it mean translation? Translation is the process of turning an original or "source" text into a text in another language.
Translation is a means of interlingual communication. The translator makes possible an exchange of information between the users of different languages by producing in the target language (TL or the translating language) a text which has an identical communicative value with the source (or original) text (ST). This target text (TT, that is the translation) is not fully identical with ST as to its form or content due to the limitations imposed by the formal and semantic differences between the source language (SL) and TL. Nevertheless the users of TT identify it, to all intents and purposes, with ST - functionally, structurally and semantically.
The functional status of a translation is supported by its structural and semantic similarity with the original. The translator is expected to refrain from any remarks or intrusions in his text which may betray his authorship thereof. He is expected to efface himself as fully as he can to avoid interference with the process of communication between S and TR.
The structure of the translation should follow that of the original text: there should be no change in the sequence of narration or in the arrangement of the segments of the text.
The aim is maximum parallelism of structure which would make it possible to relate each segment of the translation to the respective part of the original. It is presumed that any breach of parallelism is not arbitrary but dictated by the need for precision in conveying the meaning of the original. The translator is allowed to resort to a description or interpretation, only in case “direct translation” is impossible. Similarity in structure is preserved in respect to the smallest segments of the text.
The social role and the aim of translation.
The aim of translation is to provide semantic equivalence between source and target language. This is what makes translation different from other kinds of linguistic activity, such as adapting, précis writing, and abstracting. However, there are many problems hidden within this apparently simple statement, all to do with what standards of ‘equivalence’ should be expected and accepted.
Exact equivalence is of course impossible: No translator could provide a translation that was a perfect parallel to the source text, in such respects as rhythm, sound symbolism, puns, and cultural allusions. Such a parallel is not even possible when paraphrasing within a single language: there is always some loss of information.
On the other hand, there are many kinds of inexact equivalence, any of which can be successful at a certain level of practical functioning. It therefore follows that there is no such thing as a ‘best’ translation. The success of a translation depends on the purpose for which it was made, which in turn reflects the needs of the people for whom it was made. An inelegant, rough-and-ready translation of a letter can suffice to inform a firm of the nature of an enquiry. A translation of a scientific article requires careful attention to meaning, but little attention to aesthetic form. The provision of a dubbed film script will warrant scrupulous care over the synchronization of lip movements, often at the expense of content. Literary work requires a sensitive consideration of form as well as content, and may prompt several translations, each of which emphasizes a different aspect of the original. It is easy to see that what might be ‘best’ for one set of circumstances may be entirely unsuitable for another.
Several different kinds of translation have been proposed, to allow for this range of possibilities. In a pragmatic translation, the emphasis is entirely on accuracy and knowledge of the subject, as required for instructional manuals and much scientific research. In an aesthetic translation, important for literary material, the focus is on preserving the emotional as well as the cognitive content of the work, and on maintaining some level of stylistic equivalence. Ethnographic or sociolinguistic translation/transcription aim to pay full attention to the cultural backgrounds of the authors and the recipients, and to take into account differences between source and target language, as when Christian religious traditions based in the Middle East are ‘translated’ into the cultural norms of Central Africa or modern-day America. And there are various kinds of linguistic translation, where the aim is to convey the structural flavor of the original text, often in a quite literal manner, emphasizing such features as archaisms, dialecticisms, and levels of formality. Most translations or transcriptions, of course, are mixtures of these theoretical types, reflecting the complex reality of language in use, where ‘pure’ varieties are conspicuously absent.
Translators and transcribers aim to produce a text that is as faithful to the original as circumstances require or permit, and yet that reads as if it were written originally in the target language. They aim to be ‘invisible people’ – transferring content without drawing attention to the considerable artistic and technical skills involved in the process. The complexity of the task is apparent, but its importance is often underestimated, and its practitioners’ social status and legal rights undervalued. Some countries view translation as a menial, clerical task, and pay their translators accordingly. Others (such as the Japanese) regard it as a major intellectual discipline in its own right. The question of status is currently much debated, especially in Europe, where demand for translators is rocketing, especially in relation to the EEC.
How fast can translators and transcribers work?
The only satisfactory answer is: it depends – The difficulty of the text or source material is a crucial factor: a translator, transcriber may be able to achieve 700 words per hour for popular writing, but only 250 for technical material. Assuming a continuous text, with familiar subject matter, self-typing and an aim of producing a polished translation, estimates of translator output vary from between 2,000 and 8,000 words a day, with most people producing about 3,000.
The activities involved in providing a translation service are organised into three phases:
1. Pre-translation
2. Translation
3. Post-translation
Pre-translation includes anything that takes place up to the moment the translator actually receives the material for translation: everything that has to do with getting the job, writing out estimates, negotiating, getting the specifications right, contracting.
Translation in turn is divided into three stages:
1. Pre-transfer.
2. Transfer.
3. Post-transfer.
Pre-transfer includes all operations leading up to the actual ‘translating’, including preparation of the material, documentary searches, alignment, memory consolidation, terminology mining, deciding on options, etc. Transfer is the well-known core activity of shifting to another language-culture combination.
Post-transfer covers anything that has to be done to meet the quality requirements and criteria prior to delivery of the translated material. It mostly pertains to quality control and upgrading. It also includes formatting and various preparations for delivery.
Post-translation covers all activities that follow delivery of the translated material. These include possible integration of the translated material (as in simulation of subtitles, layout prior to publishing, integration in a Web site or in an international soundtrack, etc.) but also, of course, all the “administrative” business of getting paid, setting up an archive of the project, consolidating the terminology for future uses, and much more.
The process can be broken down further into twelve stages, in the following chronological order:
- The translator ‘gets’ the job.
This entails:
– prospecting for the ‘job’,
– checking that the translation does not already exist,
– negotiating with the client,
– agreeing on the service to be provided.
2. The translation contract is formed when the translator and the client come to an agreement on the terms and conditions of the service to be provided.
Translation as an activity.
The Van Dijk report of 1997 estimated the total number of translators and
interpreters in the EU to be 82,000 in the commercial market, i.e. 380 per million
inhabitants, plus 20 to 25% equivalent full-time jobs in official government,
international and NGO translation and interpreting services. There were also
17,700 captive jobs in translation.
An Allied Business Intelligence, Inc.report estimated there were 142,58 fulltime translators in the world (43,222 in Europe) and 261,180 part-time translators (79,488 in Europe) in 1999.
Lionbridge Technologies, the world’s largest language service provider has
4,000 employees worldwide. The EUATC (European Union of Associations of Translation Companies) socalled ‘Boucau’ report of 2005 states that: In 2005, we can (. . . ) estimate that there are around 250,000 people working in the global translation industry, including 110,000 in Europe. Some sources estimate there are 300,000 translators worldwide.
Annual turnover in the translation employment market is around 2% including those who drop out of the profession altogether.
The translating profession has long been dominated by women. The reasons were economic (the relatively low rates were acceptable as a second income) and social (translation offered part-time opportunities and flexibility). This is still to a large extent true today, though the male element is increasingly attracted to the
profession, as a result of:
– the increasingly technical-complex nature of the source materials available,
– the widespread development of IT translation tools,
– the tendency for translation to be seen as a possible answer to unemployment or skills obsolescence,
– the diversity of the translation-industry ‘jobs’ and of the skills required.
The relatively high-tech status of specialised technical translation and of localisation has encouraged more men to enter the profession, as has the rapid computerisation of the translator’s working environment.
Translators may be called upon to translate just about anything. Any text, message, fragment of a message or code element may need to be translated. A comprehensive list of materials that are commonly translated would include software programs, video games, software on-line help systems, insurance contracts, extradition proceedings, film sub-titles, songs, film dialogues, all kinds of soundtracks, drug dosage instructions, obituaries, mail catalogues, mobile phone instructions, marketing certificate applications, sales contracts, health certificates, user manuals (millions of them), parts lists, commercial statistics, registry office certificates, educational qualifications and certificates, confidential diplomatic memos, advertising leaflets, adverts, magazine and newspaper articles, alarm system documentation, customer complaints, the faxed minutes of a meeting before the next session starts, poems, novels, short stories, biographies, bills of lading and customs forms, post card titles, medical files, extradition requests, technical memos, annual reports, letters to the shareholders, DNA analysis reports, machine user instructions, patents, and many more. The list of materials that the translator may be called on to “translate” is endless.
Translation is vital for the dissemination of goods, products, services, concepts, ideas, values, etc. Translation needed a regular experience. It is wise to begin by taking a dedicated translator-training course. Nowadays, it takes much more than technical expertise, language skills and translation skills to be fully operational in the translation industry. The additional skills and competences can be gainedvia a translator training course, and although completing such a course is by no means the only way of entering the profession, a well organised state-of-the-art course taking into account the latest technologies and methods considerably increases the chances of getting off to a good start. All kinds of schools, institutes and university departments now offer a whole range of programmes and courses.
There have never been as many university courses and programmes in translation as there are today and the time has therefore come to have a long hard think about the challenges we face in training future translators and about possible ways of meeting these challenges. To many people, the very idea of training translators is nonsensical. All you need to do, they say, is to wait for translators to emerge naturally, like so many mushrooms, from among the linguists, by vocation or by accident. But this argument is no longer sustainable: obviously, there are just not enough spontaneously generated translators around to meet market demands both in technical translation and literary translation as the number of literary translation courses that have sprung up over the last few years would suggest.
If the axiom that translators trained ‘on the job’ are necessarily good translators is patently untrue (that claim being mostly made by people whose own work is more often than not substandard) it is just as absurd to pretend that anyone who has graduated with a degree in translation will necessarily make a good translator. There are brilliant translators in both categories and there are mediocre translators in both categories. Everyone agrees that there is indeed a need to train translators to meet existing demand and also to face rising volumes in the future, but there should also be agreement on the need to train good translators and to train them well. This is a bigger challenge than many would think since the situation today is too many translation graduates not finding employment and too many employers or companies not finding the right translators (meaning ‘suitable’ for the jobs or contracts).
Today, a translation is definitely seen as a product (even when it is a literary work or art form). The product is the result of a manufacturing process which includes the use of basic resources (i.e. terminology, phraseology, knowledge, information, etc.), of recycled components (i.e. translation memories and previously translated segments) as raw material or input, and where specially trained operators use a range of specific tools and equipment or devices to achieve optimal efficiency, measured according to increasingly sophisticated and standardised benchmarks and metrics, applying flow management principles. At the same time, we are witnessing the emergence of production process sheets (according to the materials concerned) and product lines (according to the nature of the client’s needs, the work provider’s specifications, and end-user ergonomics). Finally, the marketing and provision of what are now ‘translation service packages’ rather than ‘mere’ translations take into consideration market conditions, time to market, cost/quality and quality/cost ratios, added-value or value-loss, return on investment, quality assurance, quality control, sampling techniques, product adjustment and re-working, after-sales servicing, updating, and so on, just like any other kind of production process. The fact that translation is fundamentally an intellectual activity is only true for part of the process and does not make any difference as regards the mechanisms at work here. As the image of translation (the product) has changed, so has that of the translator (the manufacturer). He is now seen more and more as a highly qualified technical professional with two, three or four special skills areas, operating in a particular field and in one or more specialised technical areas within that field. This creates new opportunities for added value but conversely, imposes new and particularly stringent constraints. All the more so as he is expected to abide by the procedures, to ensure quality of the customized end-product, and to provide zero-defect performance and service.
On a deeper plane still, translation models themselves are now changing.
Those inspired by literary translation no longer hold sway and have long ceased to be considered universal. New translation process models are becoming the standards, with literary translation and translation for publishing being seen and considered as just any other specific case in point. Translators must strike a balance between fidelity to the source text and readability in the target language.
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