Сильнодействующие ядовитые вещества

With the opening of shells with high boiling liquid SDYAV primary education cloud is not happening. Those in the islands due to their low rate of evaporation are dangerous only in the immediate vicinity of the accident .

As a result of the accident at Joo arise zone of chemical contamination . They are characterized by the degree of danger to the life of people as a result of the ability of SPS , located in the zone , they cause a painful condition , or death .

Area deaths toksodoz - is the area on the outer edge of which 50 % of people receive death toksodozu .

Toksodoz hitting zone - is the area on the outer edge of which 50 % of people receive injurious toksidozu .

Discomfort Zone ( threshold zone , the zone of contamination) - is the area on the outer edge of which people experience discomfort begins exacerbation of chronic diseases or manifest signs of intoxication.

Chemical contamination of the area - the area within which manifests lethality SDYAV . It includes a zone of fatal and destructive toksidoz and discomfort zone . According to another classification in the area of chemical contamination include : the outbreak of the accident (OA) , the accident area ( RA ) SPS spread area (RA ) .

The center of the accident - the territory , including the location of the accident itself and the surrounding area spreading (spreading ) SPS .

Accident area - the area within which the cloud SPS has the largest striking features. The radius of the area depends on the SPS , the storage conditions , the ambient temperature and the type of accident.

Distribution area - the area of ​​chemical contamination of the air outside the area of ​​the accident, created by the spread of cloud SDYAV downwind contour line and limited the mean exposure values ​​of the zone

The threshold exposure dose corresponds to the possibility of manifestation in 50 % of cases, the initial symptoms of lesions that do not result in the loss of working capacity of people.

The consequences of accidents at hazardous chemical sites

 

The consequences of accidents at Joo is a collection of the effects of chemical contamination on objects , people and the environment. As a result of the accident and emergency develops chemical environment.

The scale of the possible consequences, to a large extent depend on the types of Hoo , the type of SPS , their properties, and the amount of storage conditions , the nature of the accident, weather conditions and a number of other factors which are determined by local circumstances and traditions.

The main factor affecting on the Hoo is chemical contamination , the depth of the zone which can reach tens of kilometers.

Accidents may be accompanied by explosions and fires. In an accident on the Hoo with a high degree of fire occurrence of explosive contamination zone SDYAV accompanied, as a rule, difficult fire situation .

The magnitude and duration of infection are determined by:

· Physical and chemical properties of the SPS ;

· The number of SPS thrown on the ground, in the air and water sources ;

· Weather conditions ;

· Characteristics of the object of infection ( for terrain - the presence and nature of the vegetation cover, the possible stagnation of air to water sources - surface area , depth and velocity of flow , the availability of ground water , and soil characteristics of the coastal state banks , for the people - the degree of protection from damage SPS , nature of the activity , and for tangible assets - a characteristic of materials, their porosity , the presence and composition of the paint ) .

Airspace , terrain, water sources , the population may be infected SDYAV in vaporous , fine - coarse spray , liquid droplet , liquid and solid states .

SDYAV in steam- gas and fine particulate aerosolized infected airspace , including internal volume facilities , affecting humans and animals. Infection occurs through evaporation SDYAV , desorption from contaminated surfaces , the propagation of the vapor mist in the air , in contact SPS to the room.

Contamination of food , raw food , fodder and water occurs due to the deposition of an aerosol or vapor sorption of them from the air , resulting in them falling out of the contaminated area with rain and ground water flow , or directly from the destroyed object. Especially dangerous is the contamination of sources of stagnant water highly toxic, highly soluble in water and resistant to hydrolysis by SPS .

Duration of chemical contamination of surface air pairs SPS can range from tens of minutes to several days. Duration contamination SDYAV in coarse spray , liquid droplet , liquid states can range from a few hours to several months. Hazardous concentrations of SPS in stagnant waters may persist for several hours to 2 months in the rivers , canals , streams - within an hour and the mouths of rivers from 2 to 4 days. The duration of infection by individual SPS (eg , dioxin ) can reach several years.

The destructive effect on people SDYAV caused by their ability to disrupt the normal activity of the body , causing a variety of disease states , and under certain circumstances - death. People and animals get damage as a result of entering the body through the SPS - respiratory ( inhalation ) , skin , mucous membranes, wound surfaces ( rezorbtivno ) , gastrointestinal tract (oral ) . As a result of the SPS may be genetic variations in the distance . The probability of their occurrence depends on the degree of contamination of the body.

The degree of damage depends on the nature and the characteristics of the toxic effect of SPS , the physico - chemical characteristics and state of aggregation , the concentration of vapor or aerosol in the air, the duration of exposure of the pathways in the body .

Prevention of possible accidents on the Hoo

and reducing the damage from them

 

Prevention of accidents at Hoo and reducing the damage from them by a complex of activities conducted in the following areas :

· The use of sound technology , the implementation of organizational, technical, and other measures to ensure high operational reliability , as well as limiting the spread SDYAV outside of the sanitary protection zone in case of accidents or damage ;

· Rational distribution of X ^ with the possible consequences of accidents ;

· Preparation and carrying out of special measures to protect the population , allowing to reduce the scale of exposure.

Important in the prevention of accidents at Joo has equipment of these businesses high-speed means of protection , including automatic shut-off devices, systems, explosion prevention and containment of accidents, as well as appropriate training of personnel.

An effective way to reduce the consequences of accidents is to reduce the inventory of hazardous substances to the minimum required by the technology count . This is especially important at the stages of handling , in storage of raw materials and finished products. It is advisable to carry out work aimed at creating an environment in storage - in that prevent the possibility of their volley emissions in large volumes.

The stability of operation of the chemical components to deliver high reliability of power supply, and the use of systems for accident-free stopping power outage .

To increase the strength of equipment can be bunding, penetration into the soil or place under the ground. Around the large storage appropriate to build protective shells .

When selecting a site for the construction of Joo along with economic demands must be taken into account and factors of safety. For Hoo provides for the organization of the sanitary protection zone (SPZ ), which prohibits the placement of residential buildings , playgrounds and therapeutic institutions, and other facilities. According to the sanitary design standards of industrial enterprises (SN 245-71 ) , the following SPZ 1000 m - 1 for the enterprise -class sanitary classification , 500 m - Class 2 300m - Class 3 , 100m - Class 4, 50 m - 5 class.

The vast majority of hazardous industries has SPZ not less than 300 m

The basic norms of behavior and actions

of the population in case of accidents with the release of SPS

 

A distinctive feature of the accidents at Hoo releasing SPS is that at high concentrations of chemicals harm people may take place in a short time. Therefore crucial to the efficiency and speed of action to protect the public .

The main measures to protect personnel and the public during emergencies at Hoo are:

· The use of personal protective equipment and shelters with the regime of isolation;

· The use of antidotes and treatment of the skin ;

· Evacuation of people from the contaminated area ;

· Sanitization people , decontamination clothing , territory, facilities, equipment and property;

Having some SPS air (chlorine , ammonia , hydrogen sulfide , etc.) and their concentration can be determined using the universal portable analyzer HS - type 2 .

Standards of conduct and actions of the population in case of accidents with the release of SPS depends on its type , properties , concentration, weather conditions , etc.

Staff and people who work and live near Hoo should know the properties , characteristics and potential for SPS , the methods of personal protection , to be able to act in the event of an accident, to provide first aid to the victims.

When you hear the alarm , if an incident occurs , the workers and employees must wear personal protective equipment ( insulation and industrial gas masks ) , to provide Elektroistochnik off , stop units, cell phones , close the gas , steam and water communication in accordance with the terms of the process and the rules of TB . Then the staff takes refuge in shelters or out of the contamination zone .

When you declare a decision to evacuate the workers and employees must report to the assembly evacuation centers .

Workers belonging to non-military formations of GO , the signal of the accident come to a collection point and are involved in the formation of localization and eliminate the source of the chemical destruction.

The residents living near Hoo , in case of accidents with the release of SPS hear warning signals by radio ( television ), and others a way to put on their masks , close the windows and vents , turn off the electric heating and other appliances , gas, extinguish the fire in the furnace , clothe children , take them with the necessary warm clothes and food ( 3- day supply of non-perishable food ) , warn the neighbors , quickly and without panic to get out of the housing estate in the direction or in the direction perpendicular to the wind direction, it is desirable for the sublime , well- ventilated the area in the distance not less than 1.5 km from the previous stay , until further orders.

In the absence of a gas mask , you should immediately leave the area of ​​contamination, hold your breath for a few minutes. Respiratory protection products can be used with a cloth dampened with water , fur and cotton piece of clothing . At the close of their respiratory organs, reduced number of inhaled gases , and thus the severity of the lesion.

In the absence of protection , shelter or you can not get out of the accident area stay home . Close the windows, doors, vents , chimneys , etc. Entrance doors zashtorte using dense material or a blanket , put a limit on the vessel with water .

You can not hide on the ground floors of high-rise buildings , basements and semi-basement rooms.

When driving on the infected areas should strictly observe the following rules :

· Move quickly, but not to run and not to raise dust ;

· Do not lean against the building and did not touch the surroundings ;

· Do not walk on along the way drops of liquid or powdered mash of unknowns in - a ;

· Do not shoot up orders, protective equipment;

· When an SPS drops on skin, clothing , footwear, personal protective equipment to remove them swab of cotton wool or paper handkerchief ;

· Possible to assist the affected children, the elderly who are unable to move on their own .

After leaving the zone must pass infection sanitization. Are minor lesions treated in health facilities to determine the extent of damage and preventive and curative measures.

On elimination of the danger of chemical destruction and further action on the order of the headquarters of the population is informed by the police or the DPP .

In all cases, the entrance to the residential, industrial and other premises is permitted only after the reference check SPS content in the air.

Standards of behavior and actions of existing staff and the public, as well as the first medical practices . aid in an accident with the release of pre-known SDYAV are caused primarily by toxic actions of the latter.

To prevent the action of SPS on the human body is necessary to conduct a number of activities :

termination revenues SDYAV in the body ;

Remove contaminated clothing;

the most rapid removal of the poison from the body, with the skin and mucous membranes;

detoxification or its breakdown products , elimination of the major signs of injury ;

Prevention and treatment of complications.

You always have to consider what the SPS is dissolved . Thus , the milk has a shielding effect, is able to absorb some poisons (salts of Cu, Zn, Hg, Pb , etc.) converting them into less harmful compounds . It is extremely mistaken belief that milk can be given for all types of poisoning. After ingestion of substances readily soluble in fats ( dichloroethane, benzene and derivatives thereof, organophosphorous compounds , and many others) to give milk and vegetable fats and animal contraindicated because it can enhance the process of absorption of venom.

First aid chlorine is as follows:

· Dress for the affected industrial gas mask type B or civil GP-5 , GP -7 ;

· Tap the victim to uninfested area and removing the mask ;

· Exemption from hindering breathing clothing;

· If not breathing - artificial respiration , preferably by the " mouth" of the "mouth" ;

· Inhalation to mitigate irritation aerosol of 0.5% sodium carbonate solution , and oxygen ;

· Washing of the skin and mucous membranes of the 2% soda solution ;

· Excessive drinking (warm water and baking soda , tea , coffee) ;

· Maximum limitation of independent movement of the victim, further transportation only in the supine position;

· In the cold - warming and ensure complete rest .

First aid ammonia is as follows:

· Dressing to mask the affected industrial grade K or M, at very high concentrations - insulation ;

· Tap the victim to uninfested area , removal of contaminated clothing and gas masks ;

· Exemption from hindering breathing clothing;

· If not breathing - artificial respiration , preferably by the " mouth" of the "mouth" ;

· Inhalation of warm water vapor , and drinking warm milk ;

· After the ammonia in the stomach to induce vomiting ;

· After eye contact - flush with water ;

· During major outbreaks - the introduction of anesthetics and bandaging ;

· Ensuring complete rest , in the cold - warm ;