Лекция по "Химии"

 

3SO₃^2- + H₂O + 2MnO₄^-                        3SO₄^2-+  2MnO₂ + 2OH^-

6Na+ + 2K+  = 6Na+ + 2K+

 

3Na₂SO₃ + 2KMnO₄ + H₂O = 3Na₂SO₄ +2MnO₂ + 2KOH

 

 

2.

Na₂S₂O₃^2- + HOCl^- + H₂O                   H₂SO₄^2- + NaCl^- + HCl

 

1   S₂O₃^2-  + 5H₂O⁰ - 8ē                    2SO₄^2- + 10H⁺

2   OCl^- + H₂O⁰ + 2ē                    Cl^- + OH^-

S₂O₃^2- + 5H₂O +4H₂O + OCl^-               2SO₄^2- + 4Cl^- + 10H⁺ +8 OH^-

              9H₂O                         8H₂O +2H⁺

 

S₂O₃^2- + H₂O + 4OCl^-                   2SO₄^2- + 4Cl^- + 2H⁺

                       2Na⁺ + 4H⁺   = 4H⁺ + 2Na⁺

 

Na₂S₂O₃ + H₂O + 4HOCl   =  2H₂SO₄ + 2NaCl + 2HCl

 

 

3.

SO₂⁰ + HClO₄^- + H₂O             H₂SO₄^2- + HCl^-

 

4  SO₂⁰ + 2H₂O0  - 2ē             SO₄^2- + 4H+

1  ClO₄^- + 4H₂O + 8ē               Cl^- + 8OH^-

4SO₂ + ClO₄^- + 8H₂O +4H₂O              4SO₄^2- +16H⁺ + 8OH^-+ Cl^-

                            12H₂O                                  8H₂O +8H⁺

 

4SO₂ + ClO₄^- + 4H₂O             4₂SO₄^2- + Cl^- + 8H⁺

                    H⁺ = H⁺

 

4SO₂ + 4H₂O + HClO₄  = 4H₂SO₄ + HCl

 

 

4.

I₂⁰ + HClO^- + H₂O             HIO₃^- + HCl^-

 

1  I₂⁰ + 6H₂O0 - 10ē              2IO₃^- + 12H+^-

5  ClO^- + H₂O + 2ē               Cl^- + 2OH^-

 

I₂ + 5H₂O + 6H₂O + 5ClO^-            2IO₃^- +12H⁺ + 10OH + 5Cl^-

         11H₂O                                                10H₂O +2H⁺

 

I₂ + H₂O + 5ClO^-             2IO₃^- + 2H + 5Cl^-

                 5H⁺ = 2H⁺ + 3H⁺

 

I₂ + H₂O + 5HClO  =  2HIO₃ + 5HCl

 

 

5.

I₂⁰ + Cl₂⁰ + H₂O                   HIO₃^- + HCl^-

 

1   I₂⁰ + 6H₂O - 10ē               2IO₃ + 12H⁺

5   Cl₂⁰ + 2ē              2Cl^-

I₂ + 6H₂O + 5Cl₂                   2IO₃^- +10Cl^- + 12H⁺

 

                                                     2H⁺       10H⁺

 

    I₂ + 6H₂O + 5Cl₂   =   2HIO₃ + 10HCl

 

 

6.

SO₂⁰ + HBrO₃^- + H₂O            H₂SO₄^2- + Br₂⁰

 

5   SO₂⁰  + 2H₂O⁰ - 2ē           SO₄^2- + 4H⁺

1   2BrO₃^- + 6H₂O +10ē             Br₂⁰ + 12OH^-

 

5SO₂ + 10H₂O +6H₂O + 2BrO₃^-            5SO₄^2- + Br₂ +20 H⁺ +12OH^-

                16H₂O                                                               12H₂O + 8H⁺

5SO₂ + 2BrO₃^- + 4H₂O            5SO₄^2- + Br₂ +8H⁺

                              2H⁺ = 2H⁺

 

5SO₂ + 4H₂O + 2HBrO₃ = 5H₂SO₄ + Br₂

 

 

 

 

7.

Au³⁺Cl₃ + Se⁰ + H₂O                     H₂SeO₃^2- + HCl + Au⁰

4  Au³⁺ + 3ē                  Au⁰

3  Se⁰ + 3H₂O - 4ē                    SeO₃^2- + 6H⁺

4Au³⁺ + 3Se⁰ + 9H₂O                    4Au⁰ + 3SeO₃^2- + 18H⁺

                                                                              6H⁺ + 12H⁺

                                  12Cl^- = 12Cl^-

 

4AuCl₃ + 3Se + 9H₂O =  4Au    + 3H₂SeO₃ + 12HCl

 

 

8.

P₂O₃⁰ + Ag⁺NO₃ +H₂O                  H₃PO₄^3- + HNO₃ +Ag⁰

 

1   P₂O₃⁰ + 5H₂O - 4ē                   2PO₄^3- + 10H⁺

4   Ag⁺ + 1ē                   Ag⁰

P₂O₃ + 4Ag⁺ +5H₂O                  2PO₄^3- +4Ag⁰      + 10H⁺

                                                                             6H⁺+4H⁺

                             4NO₃^-  = 4NO₃^-

 

P₂O₃ + 4AgNO₃ + 5H₂O = 2H₃PO₄ + 4HNO₃ +4Ag⁰

 

 

9.

H₂S⁰ + K₂CrO₇^2- + H₂O            S⁰   + KOH + Cr(OH)₃⁰           

3   H₂S⁰ - 2ē             S⁰ + 2H⁺            

1   CrO₇^2- + 7H₂O + 6ē             2Cr(OH)₃ +  8OH^-

3H₂S + 7H₂O + CrO₇^2-            3S + 6H⁺ +8OH^- + 2Cr(OH)₃ 

                                                         6H₂O + 2OH^-

 

3H₂S + CrO₇^2- + H₂O            3S + Cr(OH)₃ + 2OH^-          

                               2K⁺ = 2K⁺           

 

3H₂S + K₂CrO₇ + H₂O = 3S + Cr(OH)₃ + 2KOH          

 

 

10.

K₂S^2- + KMnO₄^- + H₂O              S⁰     + MnO₂⁰ + KOH

3   S^2- - 2ē          S⁰

2   MnO₄^- + 2H₂O⁰ + 3ē             MnO₂⁰ + 4OH^-

3S^2- + 2MnO₄^- + 4H₂O               3S⁰ + 2MnO₂ + 8OH^-

                       6K⁺ + 2K⁺ =   8K+

 

3K₂S + 2KMnO₄ + 4H₂O = 3S + 2MnO₂ + 8KOH

 

Литература.

1. Дзудцова Д.О., Бестаева Л.Б. Окислительно – восстановительные реакции. – М.: Дрофа, 2007.
2. Хомченко Г.П. , Цитович И.К. Неорганическая химия. – М.: Высшая школа, 1978.
3. Глинка Н.Л. Общая химия. Ленинград : «Химия», Ленинградское отделение. 1984.