Phonological classes of vowels

Since the number of consonants in the world's languages is marginally greater than the number of consonant letters in any one alphabet, linguists have devised systems such as the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to assign a unique symbol to each attested consonant. In fact, the Latin alphabet, which is used to write English, has fewer consonant letters than English has consonant sounds, so digraphs like "ch", "sh", "th", and "zh" are used to extend the alphabet, and some letters and digraphs represent more than one consonant. For example, the sound spelled "th" in "this" is a different consonant than the "th" sound in "thin". (In the IPA they are transcribed [ð] and [θ], respectively.)

1. CLASSIFICATION OF CONSONANTS……………………………………………3
1.1 What is consonant…………………………………………………………….3
1.2 Features of spoken consonants……………………………………………….3
1.3 Manners of articulation……………………………………………………….4
1.4 Places of articulation………………………………………………………….7
1.5 Phonation……………………………………………………………………..8
1.6 Voice onset time……………………………………………………………...9
1.7 Airstream mechanism………………………………………………………..11

2. CLASSIFICATION OF VOWELS………………………………………………….14
2.1 What is vowel………………………………………………………………..14
2.2 Phonetic classes of vowels…………………………………………………..14
2.3 Phonological classes of vowels……………………………………………...17

CONCLUSIONS……………………………………………………………………….19

LITERATURE………………………………