Thermal engineering problems

The Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

State educational institution of higher education

«NATIONAL RESEARCH TOMSK POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY»

Novokuznetsk Branch

 

Department of ENPD

DISCIPLINE « ENGLISH »

Topic « Thermal engineering problems »

 

 

Performed ____________ L. Savina

                 (Signature)

Student of group 5Б10НК, class 2________

(date)

Checked _________ Tokareva O. P.

     (Signature)__________

(date)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Novokuznetsk 2013 
Contents

 

 

 

 

Introduction

 

The energy is the area of a national economics including energy resources, development, transfer and use of different types of energy. The energy is connected by system communications with other branches of a national economics and in many respects defines economy level, a condition of society, household living conditions of people, welfare.

Thermal engineering is one of the main components of energy and includes process of production of thermal energy, transportation and its transformations to other types of energy.

The thermal engineering prevails among traditional types on a global scale, on the basis of oil 39% refers to all electroenergetics of the world, on the basis of coal — 27%, gas — 24%, that is only 90% from the general production of all power plants of the world (data for 2000).

Relevance: while the mankind won't cease to need heating and hot water supply questions of thermal engineering will be actual.

Paper purpose:  to investigate the main questions of thermal engineering.

Tasks:

• to give a system idea as a whole;

• to allocate a number of problems of  thermal engineering;

• to study problems of development of  thermal engineering in Russia;

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brief historical information

 

The history of development of thermal engineering is connected with the evolution of development of natural sciences and equipment. What were the scientific preconditions of emergence of thermal engines? Who those were "giants of science" on which shoulders "building" modern heating engineers was built? It`s said that more than two thousand years ago, in the III century B.C., the great greek mechanic and mathematician Archimedes constructed a gun which shot by means of steam.

In Leonardo da Vinci manuscripts of the beginning of XVI there are some drawings with the cylinder and piston image. Under the piston in the cylinder there is water, and the cylinder is warmed up. Leonardo da Vinci assumed that the steam formed as a result of water heating, extending and increasing in volume, will look for an exit and will push the piston up. During the movement up the piston could make useful work. In the middle of the XVI century Italian Cardan pointed out the property of steam to condense when cooling. In the XVII century this idea began to occupy minds of scientists. The extending steam can make work. It is necessary, only that the stopper turned into the piston connected to any pump or mechanism to learn to return the piston in a starting position. Here Evanzhelisto Torricelli's researches on atmospheric pressure were useful. If under the piston "emptiness" is formed, atmospheric pressure will return it on a prior place and process will be possible for repeating again. Thus, "force of water vapor" couldn't but attract attention, as one of the power sources, not depending on local conditions and capable to solve the most actual problem of water lifting.

Emergence of thermal engines is connected with emergence and development of industrial production at the beginning of the XVII century mainly in England. With increase in depth of mines the need for power for pumping out of water increased in connection with increase of volumes of pumped-out water and growth of height of its lifting from mines. Mines, in which ore was extracted, needed devices for water pumping. Depth of mines began to reach 200 m. This purely practical task also became the reason of that the car for water pumping became the first thermal engine.

Thus, practice managed to solve the first stage of a problem of transition from a water wheel to the thermal engine.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Tasks and problems of thermal engineering

 

The modern thermal engineering asks questions: What? How? Where? Means: What to transform to energy? How to make this transformation? Where to direct the received energy?

Answering the above-mentioned questions, the thermal engineering allocates a number of tasks:

• Production, processing and transportation of organic fuel to destinations;

• Centralized transformation of energy of fuel in electric energy and warmth, transport of these streams to large-scale branch and regional consumers;

• Realization of technologically and energetically faultless way of final use of energy;

• Economic efficiency;

• Ecological safety;

 

While solving these tasks heating engineers face a great number of problems. Experts allocate some main of them:

1. Tear and wear of funds.

2. Imbalance of positions of electro – and heat energy.

3. Personnel question.

4. Lack of strategy of development of the branch.

5. Warm and resource-saving.

6. Ecology questions.

Tear and wear of funds. This problem mentions all main infrastructures of the Russian economics, including heat power sphere. Having carried out the analysis, experts noted that the equipment used at combined heat and power plant, KES and others industrial stations, is obsolete that causes low efficiency, high thermal losses, a large number of accidents and leaks.

Imbalance of positions electro - and heat energy. The unequal provision of "big" and "small" energy consists of absence or insufficiency of the accounting of interests of heat-power engineering during the reform of electrical power branch of Russia. So, at the  creation of separate mechanisms of market system in the  branch the vital questions for thermal power weren't reflected properly, in particular, the combined production of heat and electricity (cogeneration),.

Personnel question. The personnel problem is one of the sharpest. In the country there is the deficit of staff and new experts. There is no correct program of training. Higher educational institutions let out students with superficial knowledge.

In universities a lot of theoretical knowledge is given, and generally it has to be a technical and practical study at power stations. As a result graduates have no basic practice as that.

Warm and resource-saving. The suspense of above-mentioned problems causes the negative phenomenon such as – growth of tariffs. Schematically the chain looks as follows: "The cheap/outdated equipment – high losses – compensation of losses by the thermal enterprises - growth of tariffs".

As experts note, today Russia has no incentive of introduction of energy saving technologies and economy of resources.  The reason of this is the low internal prices of energy resources and high costs of introduction of new energy saving technologies.  In this situation energy saving loses meaning.

Environmental problem. The main danger of power system for the atmosphere is that burning of carboniferous fuels leads to emergence of dioxide of CO2 carbon which is released into the atmosphere and promotes creation of the greenhouse effect.

Today it`s clear for everyone that the thermal engineering needs serious reforming. New energy saving and ecological blank decisions in this area are necessary.

 

 

 

 

 

Conclusion

 

Nevertheless in recent years development of thermal engineering has also positive tendencies.

Projects of uptaking of the modern combined cycle gas turbine units, allowing increasing efficiency from 32% to 59% are realized, that is a record indicator for our heat-power branch. The special attention is being paid to safety in this branch, to transition to new types of fuel, use of nanotechnologies, and also to problems of ecological safety. Now already the technologies take root that allow to reduce emissions of harmful substances in the atmosphere and to use them for further processing.

From the first stage of the development a human tried to attach his home for comfortable staying in it. While the mankind won't cease to build the dwellings and to warm them in crude and cold weather, till that time the thermal engineering will be actual.

Thermal engineering – our past, our present and our future! 
References

1. Dictionaries and encyclopedias [Electronic resource]. – Access mode:  http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ruwiki/306852
2. Prospects of development of thermal engineering in Russia [Electronic resource]. – Access mode:  http://www.rosteplo.ru/Tech_stat/stat_shablon.php?id=809
3. Theoretical bases heating engineers. Heattechnical eskperiment. Directory. In 4 books. Book 2: — Moscow, MEI, 2007 - 562 p.
4. M.A.Styrikovich. Heating engineer and thermophysics. Economy of power and ecology. Memoirs: M.A.Styrikovich — St. Petersburg, Science, 2002 - 320 p.