Winter sports

Winter sports — set of the sports spent on snow or on ice, that is mainly in the winter. The basic winter sports are included into the program of Winter Olympic games. The collective name of sports (sports) on the fads, skis and various type sledge competitions on which are spent on ice and snow.

                                                        Ski constructions and bases

 Buildings of skiing lodges are intended, as a rule, for short-term service of visitors. In them there are necessary auxiliary premises: for service of sportsmen, administrative and economic-technical. Throughput of skiing lodges should be accepted: for races - on the set number at a time engaged, for mountain skiing — on the sum of single throughput of projected lines, proceeding from calculation 30 people in change for high-speed and special descent, 60 people in change — for a slalom-giant. For jumps from a springboard throughput is defined as total for the springboards which are a part of base, from calculation: 20 people in change with a springboard with length of a jump to 20м, 30 people in change with a springboard with length of a jump to 50 m. Buildings of skiing lodges should defend not further 200м from a platform of start and finish of distances of cross-countries and biathlon or elevating devices of mountain-skiing lines and not further 100м from a near springboard. Group of auxiliary premises for service of sportsmen concern вестибюли (vestibjuli-hot-water bottles for mass driving), clothes of outer clothing, storage of backpacks and bags, premises for storage, deliveries, preparations and greasings of skis, for storage and delivery of ski footwear, and also a usual set of auxiliary premises.

The group of economic premises includes workshops, including on repair of skis and ski equipment, a warehouse of reserve skis, a warehouse of stock for cleaning and the territory equipment. On the bases intended for competitions of republican and higher scale on ski and mountain skiing, it is necessary to provide in addition garage from repair shop for трассопрокладывающих mechanisms. On bases for jumps from a springboard warehouse, and taking into account local conditions and other auxiliary premises it is supposed to have under a springboard platform. 

  Constructions for skating sports, hockey and figure skating

  In our country it is not enough artificial ice for uchebno-training employment and competitions, and it aggravates a problem of search of rational types of constructions for perspective building with an ice effective utilization. The main thing — formation of new types of the constructions uniting various ice platforms, fields, skating paths, and also ice skating rinks in a combination to other sports constructions in multi-purpose complexes for creation of possibility of employment by various sports and all-the-year-round operation of all complex. 

  Рис.1 Схема стадиона для биатлона: 1- пулеулавливатель; 2 – мишени; 3 – огневые позиции; 4 – штрафной круг; 5 – старт и финиш; 6 – судейская; 7 – трибуны, раздевальные, пункт питания; 8 – техническая зона; 9 – старт  

  The effective utilization of constructions with artificial ice depends on rational combinations of the functional elements entering into their structure. The basic functional elements: a platform (arena) 61 х  30 m; a platform 45 х 24 m for ballet performances on ice; skating paths in length of 333,3 m and 400 m; a field for bandy 116 (117) х  75 (76) m; new functional elements — a platform 30 х 20 m for employment of young figure skaters on "school"; a 250-meter training and demonstration path with internal radius 21 m for the organization of uchebno-training process of young skaters. Nonconventional placing of a platform for ballet on ice - across arena with formation of ice "pocket" - creates a number of advantages: In a demonstration sports-entertainment hall at one- or a tripartite tribune when two smaller tribunes are placed on arena end faces, spectators on the basic tribune can perceive a show frontally, occasional seats are established on platform lateral faces at desire to increase capacity of a hall; dimensions of ice "pocket" 24 х 15 m (fig. 5.18) allow to use it not only for ballet performances on ice, but also for employment of figure skaters under "the school" program, and at increase in "pocket" to 30 m perfect conditions for employment of figure skaters are created.

  At placing of the area for ballet on ice across arena functional use of premises for actors as the zone artistic, serving ballet on ice, and platforms coincides improves, i.e. the area and extent of serving auxiliary premises are reduced. 
 

  Рис.2 – План арены для проведения выступления  балета на льду (размеры в метрах) 

And - a variant of an arrangement of a platform along arena for hockey; - a variant of an arrangement of a platform across arena for hockey: 1 – a scaffold for an orchestra 6х6м; 2 – a detour zone; 3 – a zone of scenery; 4 –  a control panel light; 5 – a zone performance; 6 – a stage; 7 – arena border The mentioned combinations of the basic functional elements for uchebno-training employment and competitions can be developed and added by other variants of combinations. Depending on development and popularity of this or that sport, from a target orientation of a construction as a whole in the conditions of the concrete project the number of hockey platforms and arenas, platforms for "school", length of skating paths, the form and dimensions of an ice surface for the organization of leisure, dances on ice can vary. However functional principles of combinations of basic elements in all cases remain invariable: most effectively to use an ice surface, thus to create possibilities for uchebno-training work, competitions on большему to number of sports; to improve conditions of uchebno - training work with young figure skaters; to organize employment on "school" for skaters; As a result of increase in an ice surface or change of its configuration qualitatively new level of use of ice can be reached, new possibilities for the organization of mass driving, games and dances on ice, demonstration performances of figure skaters, New Year trees, the circus and dramatized representations under condition of maintenance of face-to-face perception with spectators of an event on an ice scene of action are created.

Constructions with artificial ice are expedient for projecting covered, thus open constructions can be considered only as intermediate, with the subsequent stage-by-stage transition in a rank half-opened and covered as influence of weather conditions on the open areas so is great that it destabilizes their operation.

At designing it is necessary to aspire to give to a construction plural qualitative signs, being in each specific case conformed to technical and economic and cost possibilities of building, it is necessary to consider association variants (with possibility of separate use) ice surfaces of the basic functional elements, and also cooperation of constructions with artificial ice with other constructions (sports or other appointment).