Банковское дело

Титульный лист

 

 

Сontent

 

Аbstact 3

Chapter 1. The current tendencies and problems of financing of small business in Russia 4

1.1  Small business: current state and main problems of development 4

1.2  Тopical issues of transparency of the tax report of small business 11

1.3  Basis of the size of an interest rate of crediting 12

1.4  Mortgage providing when crediting subjects of small business 13

1.5 The guarantee as a way of providing obligations for the credit as pledge 16

Chapter 2. Рledge providing credit 20

2.1 Pluses and minuses of mortgage providing the bank credit for the organizations of small business 20

2.2 Types of mortgage providing in credit programs various banks / Comparison of different types of providing on the credit 22

2.3 Optimum solution of mortgage providing credit to small business 30

Conclusions and Recommendations 36

Bibliography 41

 

Аbstact

Transition of Russia to market economy was caused by development of the small business enterprises, needing for the development in credit support. By means of the credit mechanism of the enterprise receive the means necessary for them for normal work. Now subjects of small business are at a great disadvantage in the financial market: high interest rates, existence of insufficient providing on the credit and other difficulties complicate implementation of investment projects. However this sector has high potential of development, and cooperation of small business enterprises with banks is mutually advantageous. How optimum to resolve all contradictions existing between them at present - in it and relevance of this problem consists.

For support of small business by the state programs in which one of the main actions is financial and credit and investment support of small business are developed and accepted.

The theoretical and practical importance of a problem of crediting of subjects of small business defined a work subject: "Bank Crediting as a method of small business support in Russian Federation"

Object of research: small business.

Object of research: types of bank crediting of subjects of small business.

The thesis purpose - to investigate the main problems of this sector and to find the optimum decision in the absence of mortgage property when crediting.

Research problems:

1. To study scientific and methodical literature on a research problem.
2. To analyse the main problems of crediting of small business enterprises.
3. On the example of a certain company to show an optimum way of permission of credit providing.

Work consists of the introduction, three heads, the conclusion, the list of the studied literature, the appendix.

Chapter 1. The current tendencies and problems of financing of small business in Russia

1.1  Small business: current state and main problems of development

Small business enterprises face problems of formation of financial resources as during formation, so during development and growth.

With development of financing of small business in Russia there were many banks offering the credits to small business. It is often heavy to the businessman, wishing to obtain the credit for business to make the weighed choice for this or that bank. In order that is comprehended to approach to a problem of a choice of bank and the crediting program, it is necessary to have idea of what advantages provides the bank when crediting.

The condition of the Russian bank crediting, its availability are defined by price and not price conditions. Rates and the additional commissions, and to not price the maximum terms and volumes of the credits, requirements to a financial position of the borrower and quality of providing on the credit belong to the price.

Credit products interesting to the smallest business become an important factor of the competition also. Crediting parameters (requirements to pledges, terms, the schedule of payments) who can offer banks while remain not too attractive because of even while high interest rates.

The main tendencies in the market of financing of small business treat:

1)  Constantly a growing demand from small business on banking services;

2)  Decrease in rates on ruble and currency loans, increase in terms of crediting;

3)  Standardization of process of crediting by development of skoringovy technologies;

4)  Mitigation of bank requirements to the borrower;

5)  Activization of activity of foreign banks;

6)  Expansion of a circle of credit products.

The loans granted to small business, can be classified by a number of signs:

1 . On a way of granting the credits which have been given out to small business, share on:

1)  Standard;

1)  Credit lines with a delivery limit;

2)  Credit lines with a debt limit;

3)  Overdraft;

4)  Leasing.

2 . In use directions (objects of crediting) the credits are subdivided as follows:

1) On replenishment of current assets;

2) On small investments;

3) On financing of working capital and the investment purposes;

4) On payment of settlement documents from the settlement account of the client;

5) On technological rearmament;

6) On equipment purchase;

7) On participation of small business in national projects.

8) On the priority branch directions, economically the most significant for the region.

3 . On terms of crediting it is possible to allocate such types of loan, as:

1) Short-term (term from one day to one year);

2) Medium-term (term from one to three years);

3) Long-term (for over three years).

This classification is taken as a basis when developing drafts of standards on main types of the credit products offered subjects of small business. It is thus expedient that development of the specified standards was carried out by banks – leaders of the market of financing of the small business which practice of work could serve as a sample for other banks

Now the number of potential borrowers - subjects of small business is estimated at the level of 2,5 million clients, and the volume of demand for credit resources, by different estimates, hesitates within 10 - 40 bln. dollars.

In many banks the share of the credits, the given-out small business enterprises makes 70%.  The direct leader in the market of financing of small business is the Sberbank.

He is the largest participant of this market. Its credit portfolio for January 01, 2009 made 600 billion rubles. Its share by estimates makes about 50%, however in process of entry into the market of other players gradually decreases. Other banks occupy other 50% and is the main object of growth and show prompt accumulation of volumes of crediting. The volume of the credits given out by them in 2009 equaled 787,03 billion rubles.

During 2009 small business of Russia managed to attract in 20 largest banks about 150 thousand credits for total amount about 900 billion rubles. The market very painfully reacted to economic recession. The Savings Bank gave out to small and medium business about 83 thousand credits approximately on 400 billion rubles. Portfolios of the credits to small and average businessmen of Uralsib and Renaissance banks were pressed down respectively for 30% and 10%. At the same time a half of banks of "the big twenty" could increase the credit portfolios. SB Bank and Yuniastrum Bank who has increased the portfolios of the credits to small and medium business more than twice achieved the best results.

Dynamics of bank crediting allows to call it in recent years most actively developing segment of the Russian financial market. So, according to Rosstat for January 1, 2013 the volume of crediting of the Russian banks made 32 886,9 billion rubles that is 71,5% more than on the same number of 2010 and for 17,8%, than for January 1, 2012

Table 1. Dynamics of the credits, deposits and the other placed means provided to the organizations, individuals and the credit organizations for 2010-2013 for the beginning of year.

 

Уear	2010	2011	2012	2013
The credits, deposits and the other placed means provided to the organizations, individuals and the credit organizations	19179,6	21537,3	27911,6	32886,9
As a percentage by the previous period		12,29	29,60	17,83

It is possible to draw a conclusion that crediting volume as a whole promptly grows, in particular, since the middle of 2011 as it is presented in figure 1.

1. Figure 1. The total amount of crediting by banks in dynamics from 2010 to 2013.
2. When financing small business banks and businessmen meet crediting problems. For the last three - four years the volume of financing of small business grew by 80%. The need of this branch for borrowed funds is satisfied today no more than for 15-17%. More optimistically adjusted financiers speak about 20% of a saturation of the market.
3. For clarification of more detailed list of the main problems of crediting we addressed to the expert - the head of the credit department of Sberbank Safonov Alexey Valeryevich. (Link to the appendix)
4. In his opinion, difficulties which meet both banks, and businessmen there is a lot of. The volume of the detailed description and the analysis of each of them won't fit into a thesis framework. Therefore we only will consider the main positions from its interview.
5. For a start, Safonov Alexey Valeryevich suggested to divide conditionally all problems of crediting for two groups are the questions connected with the general economic situation in our country and questions, arising directly in policy of the bank. These two groups, in his opinion, are directly interconnected among themselves. Other experts consider as the main problems imperfection of the Russian legislation, ignorance by businessmen of basic laws and lack of really reliable pledges as the majority of beginning businessmen have no liquid property.
6. It is possible to consider as an important factor the direct relation of banks to the Russian small business. As a whole it negative and in it isn't present trust "note". Domestic business as that exists not so long term finally to be created. Banks don't have "on hands" developed reputations and long credit stories. According to Safonov, credit scoring will allow correctly will estimate credit risk.
7. However, other experts don't consider it as a worthy method are sure of other approach, including the most effective system which was developed by Association of the Russian banks more. It mainly concerns legal entities, but with its help the assessment of individuals is possible also. This technique includes some important criteria to which there has to correspond the potential solvent borrower:

1 . Solidity – an indicator reflecting responsibility of the management of the organization, timeliness of payment of the previous loans;

2 . Ability – includes data on production and production realization by the businessman, his competitiveness;

3 . Profitability – indicates preference of investments in a certain project;

4 . The reality – gives information on possibility of realization by the borrower of the plans;

5 . Validity – the client has to confirm the credit sum about which he asks, actual data and calculations;

6 . Recoverability – ability to extinguish a loan at the expense of real estate or other material values which are in property at the debtor in case the project doesn't make expected profit;

7 . Security of a loan with the legal rights of the debtor.

Such rating assessment of solvency of the borrower will help bank to reveal clients who are really capable to repay a debt in due time. Thus it is necessary to study the last four indicators, analyzing grouped articles of balance in such directions: liquidity, security, profitability and turnover of assets of the client. In each of the created groups one most indicative is defined for this organization the characteristic, and then on it statistical data gather and formed.

However, any example of an assessment of solvency of the borrower will show that this system, as well as all previous, has the shortcomings. Including, with its help it is impossible to analyse solvency of the client with whom the bank cooperates long term, she isn't able to consider risk factors which are shown only later certain time. All this testifies that improvement of a technique of an assessment of solvency of the borrower is necessary.

For the solution of problems of financing of business it is necessary integrated and system approach. Support has to proceed as from small business, and the state. The main task of banks in the conditions of crediting development - increase of trust of businessmen to the banking products

It will be for this purpose expedient to take the following measures:

1) Development of system of standards of financing of small business

2) Gradual improvement of credit conditions

3) Development of starting projects.

4) Development of credit bureaus.

5) Trust increase between banks and business

If to speak generally about financing of small and medium business in our country, despite growth of this segment of the market of credit services in the last some years, it needs further development on a number of the directions. Among them improvement of system of an assessment of the enterprises of small and medium business, creation of new credit programs, decrease in interest rates, improvement of credit conditions and so on.

In the conclusion it is possible to note that the most part of the businessmen which has shared the experience, allocated five main reasons, on which not favourably to take the credit:

1) High percent;

2) Short maturity dates;

3) Absence or insufficiency of the starting capital of small enterprise;

4) Limitation of the offer of the credits for small business and absence of the competitive market of services in crediting;

5) Complexity and duration of procedure of receiving the bank credit.

These are those problems which frighten the businessman in the procedure of crediting. Besides these difficulties at businessmen there are a lot of internal problems which also complicate receiving the bank credits:

1) The opaque and doubtful reporting, absence of incentives for adequate reflection of financial results in the reporting (naturally, it reduces possibility of receiving in banks of the credits for replenishment of current assets and the investment purposes);

2) The insignificant scale of business complicating an assessment of its condition;

3) Poor quality of study of business plans at attraction of the credits;

4) Instability of the legislation, mainly in the field of the taxation of small enterprise;

5) Low level of legal literacy of the borrower for appropriate registration of all necessary documents.

Common problem for all sphere is low knowledge of businessmen of existing programs and privileges at credit registration. People who are going to take the credit, often don't know where to address and with what to begin.

1.2  Тopical issues of transparency of the tax report of small business

Among the main problems on which banks don't aspire in perspective sector, - "opacity" of our businessmen. According to experts, the share of a shadow turn in the Russian small business makes from 30% to 50%. Among basic changes in the tax legislation in favor of small business - increase in the top level of an annual turnover at which it is possible to use the simplified system of the taxation, from present 15 million rubles to 20 million. At the simplified form of the taxation of the enterprise pay or 15% from profit, or 6% - of a turn and thus get rid at once of several taxes. In this regard the fact the majority of small enterprises don't show officially all the accounts department for the purpose of taxation optimization. Respectively, it is difficult to bank experts to define a financial condition of the borrower as many enterprises are characterized by lack of turnovers of the settlement account or in general absence of the settlement account (for example, at the individual entrepreneur). After all the client, as a rule, doesn't keep accounting and financial statements in that look which is required from potential borrowers.

As a result small enterprises are considered by commercial banks as big credit risk that forces them to demand high level of providing.  Unlike legal entities, to the individual entrepreneur without formation of legal entity (namely more than 90% of the given-out credits are the share of this category) difficult to offer as pledge rather liquid property which could interest bank.  Especially it concerns regional banks.  So, banks admitted that the credits generally are given in providing inventory items, including the equipment, finished goods and real estate.

Such preferences depend not so much on an assessment of quality of providing in representation of banks, how many on an assessment of types of providing with Bank of Russia. According to requirements of Bank of Russia the credit organizations are obliged to classify all loans by the risk degree, thus one of factors of an assessment of risk the type of providing is. Guarantees, including guarantees of authorities, guarantees, pledge of securities isn't the first-class providing therefore the loans issued under these types of providing, belong to more high risk from the point of view of the Central bank. Respectively, banks are obliged to create reserves which thus don't belong on reduction of taxable base in a bigger size.

Obviously, in these cases not starting businessman or small enterprise, and already taken place business is credited. Usually banks demand successful activity of the enterprise within six months. But also there is a problem - essential costs of registration of pledge result in difficulties in providing liquid providing the required credits.

1.3  Basis of the size of an interest rate of crediting

One of the most important problems of crediting legal is definition of an interest rate. The rate on the credit has to be such that the borrower and bank got profit and compensated risks. The competition level in the market of the bank credits is higher, the percent rate is lower. To legal entities it is unprofitable to be credited on the overestimated rates in large banks, at the same time the enterprises meeting rigid requirements of such banks, it isn't enough. At average banks of the requirement to potential borrowers aren't so high, and they are ready to work individually with each borrower. But they have no enough of resources completely to satisfy requirements of business.

The main indicator of the price of a banking product (deposits and loans) is the interest rate, or an interest rate. It is defined as the relation of the income to the size of the granted loan and is expressed as a percentage. Most often the interest rate is specified in the form of annual percent. Growth of an interest rate testifies to credit rise in price, falling – to reduction in cost. Change of cost of the credit is of great importance for bank, for the businessman and economy as a whole. At increase in cost of the credit sources of expansion of production are reduced.

Principles of creation of policy of an interest rate: close connection with commercialization of activity of firm; simultaneous regulation of an interest rate for deposit and loan operations; establishment of the differentiated sizes of a rate.

In the analysis of change of an interest rate consider:

External factors:

– Monetary policy. Changing discount rate, the Central Bank can influence volumes of provided loans: the policy of "expensive money" – discount rate raises, reducing volumes of provided loans; policy of "cheap money" – on the contrary.

– The competition in the market of credit services. Lower interest rates for the credits to small business allow to count on attraction of a large number of representatives of small business.

Internal factors: degree of risk of the outstanding credit; receiving profit on loan operations; nature of the provided providing timely repayment of the loan; loan size; loan maturity date; expenses on registration of the loan and control; character of the relations between the creditor and the borrower.

The percentage policy shouldn't lead to reduction of an interbank turn – a major factor of profit.

The factors influencing the sizes of interest rates:

– Inflation; nominal interest rates have to be established at level, sufficient for a covering of expected rates of inflation during all term of investment, and to provide real return.

– Real return which in turn depends on investment risk.