Английский язык

    The fourth kind of university class is the Laboratory class. Laboratory classes are especially important in technical and scientific courses. A laboratory section often meets for three or four hours for experiments and technical research. 

1. How many kinds of classes are there in American universities?

There are usually  four kinds of classes in American universities.

2. What are they? Name them.

First classes -  many subjects are taught in Lecture classes. The second kind of university class is the Recitation class.  The third kind of class, the Seminar class, is for advanced students only.  The fourth kind of university class is the Laboratory class. 

3. What's the difference between the Recitation class and the Quiz Section?

When Recitation classes are held in addition to Lecture classes during the same course, the class is called a Quiz Section. The second kind of Recitation class is not combined with a Lecture class. In such classes the instructor talks informally .and asks questions. The students can also ask questions. Recitation classes are usually rather small, so that each student can have an opportunity to  take part in the discussion. 

4. What are Laboratory classes meant for?

Laboratory classes meant for experiments and technical research. 
 

2. Render the text in English. 
 
 
 

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 3

Read and translate the text.

WHO WAS COLUMBUS?

1. The discovery of America on October 12, 1492, is perhaps the most important single event in human history, and yet there are a great many unsolved problems about it. Let's consider some of the questions which arise when we say that Christopher Columbus discovered America.
2. First, who was Columbus? His name is mysterious. It was not Columbus in his lifetime, but Colon, Colom, Colonus, or Colombo. He called himself, or was called, all five at different times. One set of documents says that he was a weaver and the son of a weaver at Genoa; but he himself talks of many years at sea and besides this his knowledge of seamanship must have been the result of long уears’ experience.
3. Whatever the truth of his origin Columbus was without question an extremely remarkable man. He was a very practical sailor and was interested in mathematics, geography and astronomy, at least as for as they related to navigation. But he was also a dreamer, determined to make his dream come true.
4. And what was his dream? The Portuguese had reached India by sailing east. They had discovered the whole west coast of Africa and rounded what we now call the Cope of Good Hope. Columbus believed that by sailing west he would reach India — which was the name for Asia generally. Columbus did reach land by sailing west by a much shorter route than the Portuguese, but he always thought that it was Asia. It is a strange thing, but Columbus was able to find his dream because he was, quite wrong about the most important point. He knew that the earth was round and that therefore you could sail round it by travelling either east or west; but he mistakenly thought that this round ball was much smaller than it is.

EXERCISES ON THE TEXT

1. Find the right statements and confirm them by the sentences from the text:

1) The discovery of America on October 12, 1492, is an event in human history. (The discovery of America on October 12, 1492, is perhaps the most important single event in human history, and yet there are a great many unsolved problems about it.) 2) Columbus' name was not mysterious. He was called this name in his lifetime. (It was not Columbus in his lifetime, but Colon, Colom, Colonus, or Colombo. He called himself, or was called, all five at different times.) 3) There are no questions about Columbus' origin and we may firmly say that he was a weaver and the son of a weaver. ( One set of documents says that he was a weaver and the son of a weaver at Genoa; but he himself talks of many years at sea and besides this his knowledge of seamanship must have been the result of long уears’ experience.) 4) Whatever the truth of his origin Columbus was without question an extremely man. (Whatever the truth of his origin, Columbus was without question an extremely remarkable man. He was a very practical sailor and was interested in mathematics, geography and astronomy, at least as for as they related to navigation. But he was also a dreamer, determined to make his dream come true.)  5) Columbus believed that by sailing west he would reach India — which was the name for Asia generally. (Columbus believed that by sailing west he would reach India — which was the name for Asia generally. Columbus did reach land by sailing west by a much shorter route than the Portuguese, but he always thought that it was Asia. It is a strange thing, but Columbus was able to find his dream because he was, quite wrong about the most important point. )  6) Columbus knew that the earth was round and that therefore you could sail round it by travelling either east or west.  (He knew that the earth was round and that therefore you could sail round it by travelling either east or west; but he mistakenly thought that this round ball was much smaller than it is. )

2. Combine the pairs of sentences into one using the link words given in brackets:

1) The travellers couldn't reach the village. It was raining hard (for). - The travellers couldn't reach the village for it had been raining hard. 2) Columbus did sail west. He had a dream of reaching Asia (for). - Columbus did sail west for he had had a dream of reaching Asia . 3) Columbus decided 3) Columbus decided to sail west to reach Asia. He dreamed of bringing gold and precious stones (because). - Columbus decided to sail west to reach Asia because he had dreamed of bringing gold and precious stones. 4) Columbus didn't reach the land he wanted to. He mistakenly thought the earth was much smaller than it is (as). - Columbus didn't reach the land he wanted to as he had mistakenly thought the earth was much smaller than it is.

3. Write these sentences as special questions according to the interrogative given in brackets.

Pattern: I decided to enter the Pedagogical Institute in order to become a teacher. (Why) — Why did I decide to enter the Pedagogical Institute?

1. Columbus wished to be not only a merchant but a great traveller. (Whom) - Whom did Columbus wish to be? 2) America was discovered on October 12, 1492. (When) – When was America discovered? 3) There are many questions about Columbus' origin. (What) – What are the questions about Columbus' origin ? 4) Columbus was without question an extremely remarkable man. (Who) – Who was without question an extremely remarkable man? 5) Columbus knew that the earth was round. (What) – What did Columbus know about the earth?

 
 
 
 
 
 

4. Translate Paragraphs 1, 3, 4 in writing.

Кто же такой Колумб?

    Открытие Америки  12-го Октября 1492 года – это,  возможно, одно из  наиболее важных  открытий в истории  человечества и  по сей день  не стихают споры  относительно этого  факта. Давайте  рассмотрим несколько  вопросов, которые  возникают у нас,  когда мы говорим,  что Кристофер  Колумб открыл  Америку.

    Для начала, кем  же был наш Колумб?? Его имя опутано  загадками. Есть  мнение, что он  не был Колумбом  как таковым в  реальной жизни,  вариантов несколько : Колон, Колом, Колонус или Коломбо. Так он называл себя или, возможно, называли его всеми пятью именами в разные времена. Существует документ, утверждающий, что он был ткачом и сыном ткача из Генуи; но сам он говорит о долгих годах, проведенных в море, да и к тому же его знания о мореходстве могут действительно быт результатом многолетнего опыта.

    Какой бы ни  была правда о  личности Колумба,  он несомненно был выдающимся человеком. Он был очень опытным моряком, интересовался математикой, астрономией, по крайней мере настолько, насколько они были связаны с навигацией. В то же время, он был мечтателем , решившимся воплотить в жизнь свою мечту.

    И о чем же  он мечтал??? Португальцы  достигли Индии,  отправляя суда  на восток. Они  открыли практически  все западное побережье  Африки  и обогнули  мыс, который мы  сейчас называем  Мыс Доброй Надежды.  Колумб верил,  что отправляясь  на запад, он  достигнет Индии  – так изначально  называли почти  всю Азию.  Колумб  все-таки достиг  суши, путешествуя  по морю на запад,  но намного более  коротким путем  в отличии от Португальцев, но он всегда думал, что это была Азия. Это может звучать странно, но Колумб смог осуществить свою мечту, потому что он ошибался. Он знал, что земля – круглая и в какую сторону бы ты не поплыл (на запад или на восток) ты можешь обогнуть весь земной шар; но он ошибался только в одном - в размерах этого самого шара. 

1. The USA

1. Read and translate the text.

       The United States of America is the fourth largest country in the world (after Russia, Canada and China). It occupies the southern part of North America and stretches from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean. It also includes Alaska in the north and Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean. The total area of the country is about nine and a half million square kilometers. The USA borders on Canada in the north and on Mexico in the south. It also has a sea-boarder with Russia.

       The USA is made up of 50 states and the District of Columbia, a special federal area where the capital of the country, Washington, is situated. The population of the country is about 250 million.

       If we look at the map of the USA, we can see lowlands and mountains. The highest mountains are the Rocky Mountains, the Cordillera and the Sierra Nevada. The highest peak is Mount McKinley which is located in Alaska.

       America's largest rivers are the Mississippi, the Missouri, the Rio  Grande and the Columbia. The Great Lakes on the border with Canada are the largest and deepest in the USA.

       The climate of the country varies greatly. The coldest regions are in the north. The climate of Alaska is arctic. The climate of the central part is continental. The south has a subtropical climate. Hot winds blowing from the Gulf of Mexico often bring typhoons. The climate along the Pacific coast is much warmer than that of the Atlantic coast.

       The USA is a highly developed industrial country. It is the world's leading producer of copper and oil and the world's second producer of iron ore and coal. Among the most important manufacturing industries are aircraft, cars, textiles, radio and television sets, armaments, furniture and paper.

       Though mainly European and African in origin, Americans are made up from nearly all races and nations, including Chinese and Native Americans.

       The largest cities are: New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, San-Francisco, Washington and others.

       The United States is a federal union of 50 states, each of which has its own government. The seat of the central (federal) government is Washington, DC. According to the US Constitution the powers of the government are divided into 3 branches: the executive, headed by the President, the legislative, exercised by the Congress, and the judicial. The Congress consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives.

       There are two main political parties in the USA: the Republican and the Democratic.

США.

    Соединенные штаты Америки  - это четвертая по размеру страна в мире (после России, Канады и Китая). Она охватывает южную часть Северной Америки и простирается от Тихого до Атлантического Океана. Она также включает в себя Аляску на севере и Гавайские острова в Тихом Океане. Общая площадь страны более девяти с половиной квадратных километров.  США граничит с Канадой на севере и Мексикой на юге. Также имеет морскую границу с Россией.

    США состоит из 50-ти штатов  и Округа Колумбия – специальной  федеральной области , где находится столица страны – Вашингтон. Население страны около 250 миллионов человек.

    Если мы взглянем на карту  США, то можем увидеть долины  и горные местности. Самые высокие  горы – это Скалистые горы, Кордильеры и Сьерра-Невада. Самая высокая вершина – гора МакКинли, которая находится на Аляске.

    Самые крупные реки Америки  это : Миссисипи, Миссури, Рио Гранде и Колумбия.  Великие Озера на границе с Канадой - самые большие и глубокие в США.

    Климат Страны очень разнообразный.  Самые холодные области находятся  на севере. Климат Аляски – арктический. Климат центральной части страны –континентальный. На юге страны климат субтропический. Горячие потоки воздуха, приходящие с Мексиканского залива, приносят с собой тайфуны. Климат страны на побережье Тихого Океана намного теплее, чем побережье Атлантического Океана.

    США – это страна с высокоразвитой  промышленностью. Это мировой  лидер по добыче меди и нефти  и вторая страна в мире по  добыче железа и угля.  Из  наиболее важных производственных видов промышленности можно отметить :  изготовление самолетов, автомобильная промышленность, легкая промышленность, изготовление предметов радио и телеаппаратуры, производство оружия, изготовление мебели и бумаги.

     Несмотря на то, что Американцы - это в основном  Европейцы  и Африканцы, Американская нация  состоит  практически из всех рас и национальностей, включая Китайцев и коренных Американцев.

    Самые крупные города США –  это : Нью Йорк, Лос-Анджелес, Чикаго, Филадельфия, Детройт, Сан-Франциско, Вашингтон и многие другие.

    США – это федеральный союз 50 штатов, каждый из которых имеет  свое  правительство. Главное  (федеральное) правительство находится  в Вашингтоне. Согласно Конституции  Соединенных Штатов члены правительства  разделяются на три ветви : исполнительная власть, возглавляемая президентом; законодательная власть, регулируемая Конгрессом; и судебные органы. Конгресс состоит из Сената и Палаты Представителей.

    В стране действуют 2 главные  политические партии : Республиканская партия и Демократическая партия.

       2. Answer the questions:

1. Where is the USA situated? – The USA is situated on the southern part of North America and stretches from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean. It also includes Alaska in the north and Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean.
2. What's the total area of the country?  -  The total area of the country is about nine and a half million square kilometers.

       3. What countries does the USA border on? - The USA borders on Canada in the north and on Mexico in the south. It also has a sea-boarder  with Russia.

            4.How many states does the USA consist of? - The USA is made up of 50 states and the District of Columbia, a special federal area.

           5. What is the capital of the country? – The capital of the USA is Washington.

           6.Can you name any other cities in the USA? - The largest cities of the USA are: New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, San-Francisco, Washington and others.

       7.What is the population of the United States? - The population of the country is about 250 million.

        8.What mountains in the USA do you know? – There are a lot of mountains in the USA. The highest mountains are the Rocky Mountains, the Cordillera and the Sierra Nevada. The highest peak is Mount McKinley which is located in Alaska.

       9. What are the largest rivers? - The largest rivers in the USA are the Mississippi, the Missouri, the Rio  Grande and the Columbia. The Great Lakes on the border with Canada are the largest and deepest in the USA.

       10. What can you say about the climate of the country? - The climate of the country varies greatly. The coldest regions are in the north. The climate of Alaska is arctic. The climate of the central part is continental. The south has a subtropical climate. Hot winds blowing from the Gulf of Mexico often bring typhoons. The climate along the Pacific coast is much warmer than that of the Atlantic coast.

       11. What does the USA produce? - The USA is a highly developed industrial country. It is the world's leading producer of copper and oil and the world's second producer of iron ore and coal. Among the most important manufacturing industries are aircraft, cars, textiles, radio and television sets, armaments, furniture and paper.