Автор работы: Пользователь скрыл имя, 09 Декабря 2012 в 23:32, курсовая работа
Целью данной курсовой работы является рассмотрение особенностей устного перевода как вида переводческой деятельности.
Для достижения поставленной цели нам необходимо решить следующие задачи:
1. рассмотреть сущность устного перевода:
2. рассмотреть особенности устного перевода,
3. охарактеризовать навыки, необходимые устному переводчику,
2. информация
оформлена как объективная,
3. для порядка
слов характерно отчетливое
4. в информационных
сообщениях преобладают
5. по своему коммуникативному заданию информационные тексты предназначены прежде всего для передачи когнитивной информации [6, c.37].
Характерные особенности интервью:
- когнитивная информация
преломляется через видение
- у интервьюируемого может быть свой собственный стиль, который необходимо передать при переводе;
- не все реплики корреспондента являются вопросами;
- ответы на эти реплики не всегда держатся в рамках единой темы;
- стиль ответов и вопросов
может быть сходным или
- переводчик должен быть
готов к переводу
- корреспондент может
задать сразу несколько
Особенности перевода научных текстов заключаются в том, что при переводе необходимо учитывать следующие характеристики, которые являются обязательными:
ACTION OF HIGH-ENERGY ELECTROIMPULSES ON METAL MELTS
Oleg O. Fejgin
Action of superhigh-energy electroimpulses on crystallization melts various steels and alloys for the first time was comprehensively explored by academician D.I.Korneev at making of new methods of electro slag welding. During a series manifold physics of metals experiments by him, the new effects varying structure and properties recrystallization of metals were unclosed. Among the data crystal physics phenomena’s are oozed, on the practical value, mechanics and corrosion effects. Thus successfully solved a problem of technological overlapping of two various physical processes - electro slag welding and temperature cycling of annealing. Scientific - applied aspects of the phenomenon of electro current pulsing processing /ECPP/ metal melts in modes of ultrahigh energies consist in opening the key opportunity of re-structuring metal matrix with giving of necessary service performances. In too time ECPP solves also a series of special problems, allowing gaining welded joints with high stability of metal of a seam mechanical and corrosion fractures without the subsequent thermal processing.
Despite of particular quantity of publications devoted electro-metal-physics effects of ECPP, some legs of the given phenomenon yet have not received due theoretical development. Such standing speaks difficulties of the analysis multiple parameter synergetic models in their dynamic development at presence of group unidentified factors.
In the present scientific work, the separate electro physical performances of effect ECPP including devices before offered phenomenology of passage of superhigh-energy impulses of a current through metal melts of a various phase consistence are considered. The entered model representations were grounded on collective mechanisms of oscillation and a recombination of associate charge carriers as macroscopically quasi-plasmon formations. Similar plasmon carriers effectively may initiate occurrence of the metastable ion-impact channels generating at a relaxation collapse magneto hydrodynamic oscillations of explosive character. Frontal packages of longitudinal oscillations of density of medium incipient at it are diffused on multilevel structure of conglomerates, defining the further course of re-structuring of the lattice metal matrix.
June 3, 2003
ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЕ СВЕРХВЫСОКОЭНЕРГЕТИЧНЫХ ЭЛЕКТРОИМПУЛЬСОВ НА МЕТАЛЛОРАСПЛАВЫ
Фейгин Олег Орестович
Воздействие сверхвысокоэнергетических
электроимпульсов на кристаллизующиеся
расплавы различных сталей и сплавов
впервые всесторонне
Несмотря на определенное
количество публикаций, посвященных
электрометаллофизическому
В настоящем докладе рассматриваются отдельные электрофизические характеристики эффекта ЭТИО Корнеева, включающие элементы ранее предложенной феноменологии прохождения сверхвысокоэнергетических импульсов тока через металлорасплавы различной фазовой консистенции. Введенные модельные представления основывались на коллективных механизмах генерации и рекомбинации ассоциированных носителей заряда – макроскопических квазиплазмонных образований. Подобные макроплазмонные носители могут эффективно инициировать возникновение метастабильных ионно-электронных каналов, генерирующих при релаксационном коллапсе гидродинамические колебания взрывного характера. Возникающие при этом фронтальные пакеты продольных колебаний плотности среды рассеиваются на полиуровневой структуре трансфазных конгломератов, определяя дальнейший ход реструктуризации решеточной металломатрицы.
3 июня 2003
Данный доклад представляет собой часть выступления Олега Орестовича Фейгина на международной конференции, 3 июня 2003 года. Темой его доклада является воздействие сверхвысокоэнергетичных электроимпульсов на металлорасплавы. Автор подчёркивает достижения академика Корнеева в данной области, большое практическое значение его открытий и исследований, но при этом указывает на недостаточное теоретическое развитие некоторых сторон электрометаллофизического эффекта Корнеева. Целью работы автор называет рассмотрение отдельных электрофизических характеристик эффекта ЭТИО Корнеева.
Автор оперирует терминами,
характерными для той области, в
которой ведётся его
Для синтаксической структуры текста характерно использование автором сложноподчинённых предложений и простых, развёрнутых за счёт обилия предложных, причастных, герундиальных и инфинитивных оборотов (Despite of particular quantity of publications devoted electro-metal-physics effects of ECPP, some legs of the given phenomenon yet have not received due theoretical development. In the present scientific work, the separate electro physical performances of effect ECPP including devices before offered phenomenology of passage of superhigh-energy impulses of a current through metal melts of a various phase consistence are considered. Frontal packages of longitudinal oscillations of density of medium incipient at it are diffused on multilevel structure of conglomerates, defining the further course of re-structuring of the lattice metal matrix). Также характерно употребление пассивных конструкций (Action of superhigh-energy electroimpulses on crystallization melts various steels and alloys for the first time was comprehensively explored by academician D.I.Korneev at making of new methods of electro slag welding. During a series manifold physics of metals experiments by him, the new effects varying structure and properties recrystallization of metals were unclosed).
Отдельные члены предложений развёрнуты в связи с использованием большого числа определений различных типов. Почти у каждого существительного в тексте есть препозитивное, постпозитивное или и то, и другое определение (superhigh-energy electroimpulses, various physical processes, subsequent thermal processing). Так как в статье рассматриваются технические вопросы, в тексте часто встречаются цепочки существительных, представляющих собой препозитивные определительные группы (electro slag welding, relaxation collapse magneto hydrodynamic oscillations, lattice metal matrix). Это происходит в связи с необходимостью точно ограничивать использование понятий.
Связи между элементами внутри предложений, предложениями внутри абзацев и между абзацами выражены эксплицитно, что обуславливает появление союзов и союзных слов (and, thus, in too time). Порядок слов преимущественно прямой. Инверсии в тексте встречаются не в качестве выразительного средства, а используются с целью обеспечения логической связности.
В тексте используется большое количество специфических терминов и понятий (superhigh-energy impulses, metastable ion-impact channels, lattice metal matrix).
Таким образом, можно сделать вывод, что текст принадлежит научному стилю.
Clinical trials launched for treating most aggressive brain tumor with personalized cell vaccines
Read: Monday, November 30, 2009 - 13:18 in conference “Clinical researches”
The University of Navarra Hospital has launched a series of clinical trials in order to assess the efficacy of an immunotherapy treatment. This approach involves the application of personalised vaccines —produced from healthy and tumour cells from the patient him or herself— and designed to combat glioblastomas, one of the most aggressive and frequent malignant tumours. The new therapy is administered to participating patients combined with the standard, first-line treatment involving surgical extirpation of the tumour followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy treatment with temozolomide. The Hospital is currently the only centre in Spain undertaking a study of this nature, and for which it has recently received authorisation from the Medication Agency of the Spanish Health Ministry. It is planned to involve a sample of 37 patients for the research. The trials have been devised and developed by the Neuro-oncology and Cell Therapy Areas of the University of Navarra Hospital, in collaboration with the Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA) through the Scientific and Technological Institute (ICT) of the same university. The investigation has received funding from FIS (Health Research Fund) announcement by the Ministry of Health for financing the development of non-commercial pharmaceutical drugs.
In essence, the production of the personalised vaccines is carried out at the University of Navarra Hospital's Cell Therapy Good Manufacturing Practices Laboratory, where tumour proteins are processed and then combined with immune system cells obtained from the patient's blood, which are taught how to organise an immune response to the tumour. These prepared items are frozen and then administered to the patient as vaccines over the following months, in combination with conventional therapy.
It should be recalled that an immunotherapy treatment with similar characteristics was developed over two years ago by a research team at CIMA and the University of Navarra Hospital. In that case, the procedure was based on the production and administration of idiotype vaccines and personalised for patients with first relapse follicular lymphoma. The trials demonstrated clinical efficacy on managing to change the progress of the illness.
More than 2,400 new cases each year in Spain
The glioblastoma is the most common malignant tumour of the brain. The rate is about 6 cases for every 100,000 inhabitants per year, which means that in Spain 2,400 new cases appear every year. There is no effective treatment currently, making it one of the ten tumours causing the greatest number of deaths annually. In concrete, patients with a glioblastoma, and who have been treated with the standard procedure, have an average survival period of between 12 and 15 months. Nevertheless, in the few cases studied worldwide, a number of patients undergoing immunotherapy have survived longer, the average rate being more than 30 months.
Basis of the trials
The basis of the trials developed by the Hospital is the hypothesis that the immune system of each person is capable of recognising and destroying tumour cells. This ability lies in the fact that tumour cells have surface markers different from those of healthy cells, to the point where the organism itself can detect these makers and produce antibodies and cell toxicity against incipient tumour cells. However, when the tumour has grown, the immune system is incapable of controlling it.
In this way, the new treatment currently being tested by the University of Navarra Hospital is trying to load the dendritic cells, responsible for directing and co-ordinating the immunity of the organism, with undesired tumour antigens, so that the cells of the immune system are activated and the body's defences are aimed at the remains of the tumour at a time when tumour cells are scarcer, i.e. after the extirpation of the tumour and the application of radio-chemotherapy.
Multidisciplinary work
Current treatment of these tumours requires a multidisciplinary approach, which is why, the Area de Neuro-oncology, integrating doctors from various specialities involved in the diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of cerebral tumour patients, has been created. These trials involve close co-operation and co-ordination between the Area de Neuro-oncology Area and the Cell Therapy Area, with the direct intervention of specialists in Neurosurgery, Oncology, Radiotherapeutic Oncology, Pathological Anatomy and Cell Therapy.
Criteria for selection of candidates
Patients complying with the necessary requirements for participating in the clinical trials are those suspected of having a glioblastoma, having had an examination carried out using magnetic resonance. Also possible candidates are those with a diagnosis of recently confirmed glioblastoma, subsequent to an analysis of a tumour biopsy.
An essential condition is also that patients have not previously received any kind of an treatment for glioblastoma, except a biopsy or an partial extirpation surgery. The compliance with this premise is necessary as, for the production of the personalised vaccines, the greatest quantity possible of the tumour tissue must be obtained. Moreover, the extirpation of the tumour should be undertaken in the most complete possible manner, given that it has been demonstrated that, the cases in which the immunotherapy has proved effective are those in which wide-ranging extirpations have taken place.
Total extirpation with fluorescent microscope
The few studies carried out to date about treatment of glioblastomas with immunotherapy has demonstrated that the residual tumour causes the tumour cells to impede a positive response by the autologous vaccines (produced with the patient's own tissue). In order to achieve that the immunotherapy treatment be the most efficacious possible, the Hospital has a fundamental tool in the operating theatre - the fluorescent microscope -, with which the percentage of tumour extirpation has increased enormously.
In concrete, the surgical fluorescent microscope has enabled specialists at the Hospital to reach the total extirpation of glioblastomas in more than 80% of the cases operated over the last two years. After the extirpation, the tumour tissue obtained has to be sent - in conditions of maximum sterility - directly to the Pathological Anatomy Laboratory to corroborate or contradict the diagnosis. If the tumour is confirmed to be a glioblastoma, the tumour tissue is then transferred to the Cell Therapy GMP Laboratory at the Hospital for its processing and the subsequent obtaining of personalised vaccines produced with the tissue of each patient taking part in the clinical trials.
Production of personalised vaccines