Основные аспекты формирования кредитных ресурсов в коммерческих банках и других финансовых институтах

   Проанализировав Инструкции НБТ, регулирующие банковскую деятельность и определяющие нормативы банковской деятельности (Инструкция # 132 «О порядке регулирования банковской деятельности») я сделала вывод, что прямых нормативов, регулирующих объем привлеченных средств банков нет, но можно провести производную зависимость между привлеченными средствами банка и нормативом К_1-2 – Соотношение регулятивного капитала банка к общим активам, минимально допустимое значение которого установлено в размере 10% (причем для вычисления данного норматива от суммы общих активов отнимаются остатки по балансовым счетам #15701 – К получению из Головного офиса/филиалов – нац.валюта,  #15703 - К получению из Головного офиса/филиалов – ин.валюта, # 15705 – К получению из Головного офиса/филиалов – за рубежом, # 15707 – К получению из Головного офиса/филиалов – по сбору хлопка)⁷. То есть общая сумма активов банка не должна превышать сумму собственного капитала банка в 10 раз. Привлеченные же средства, составляющие ресурсную базу для активных операций банка, надо привлекать в таких размерах, что бы не нарушить данный норматив. Эту задачу, то есть грамотное привлечение ресурсов, в банке решает Комитет по регулированию активов и пассивов. В его задачи также входит регулирование рисков по привлеченным и выданным средствам, как мы говорили выше, привязка банка к определенному кругу клиентов тоже вызывает определенный риск, поэтому «стержневые депозиты» банка должны быть максимально распылены и минимально сконцентрированы. В банках западных стран, например, «стержневыми депозитами» считаются вклады граждан, но события недавних лет показали пример того, что концентрация кредитных операций на выдаче ипотечных кредитов, которые, как правило, выдаются на долгое время, то есть считаются «длинными деньгами», стало причиной краха многих банков. В Российской Федерации же, для регулирования привлеченных средств банками используется норматив  Н₁₁, который регулирует соотношение привлеченных средств банка к собственному капиталу. 

   Во  внутрибанковском анализе соотношения  активов и пассивов, одним из показателей может служить показатель «Финансовый левередж», который определяется как соотношение привлеченных средств к собственным средствам. Чем ниже значение финансового левереджа, тем устойчивее банк.  

   Исходя  из вышеизложенного, становится понятно, что успешное управление банком и его дальнейшее развитие зависит от сбалансированной деятельности всех направлений банковской деятельности, таких как формирование собственного капитала банка, привлечения вкладов в банк и, конечно, прибыльного размещения имеющихся средств.  
 

   Key aspects of the formation of credit at commercial banks and other financial institutions  
 
A modern commercial bank - is a complex mechanism, which during its development in a market economy has passed all phases of the economic life of the commercial organization: the emergence, development, often rapidly, profits and, often, the failure that lead to risky lending policies and underestimating the problems on the formation of Bank's resource base. Undoubtedly, one of the most profitable features of the banks is known to provide loans to individuals and businesses. From a theoretical point of view, the credit - it is cash or non-cash funds to the borrower in terms of maturity, payment and security. And from a practical point of view, lending - is one of the last stages of lending schemes, and here the primary and decisive role played by the formation and capacity of the resource base for future Bank lending.  
Generally, the term "resources" comes from the French «ressources» - equipment, inventories, possible sources of anything, but we more importantly the concept of banking resources:  
Banking Resources - collection of funds at the disposal of the bank and used them to conduct their operations. And we should also note sources of banking, including credit, resources, hence the broader definition would read as follows:  
Banking resource (Commercial Bank) - a collection of the share capital, its funds, as well as funds raised by the bank as a result of passive operations and used for the active operations of the bank.  
As experience shows the bankruptcy of some banks - the ratio of secondary to passive operations of the bank and the wrong management of assets and liabilities of the bank and the cause of their bankruptcy. Under modern conditions of passive operations form the resource base of banks, ie banks may exercise their active operations within the available sources of own and borrowed funds. Consequently, it is preceded by an active passive operation, and determine the scope and scale of revenue operations. Not for nothing that the formula of the balance sheet is as follows:  
 
A = P + K, where  
 
A = assets of the bank, L = liabilities of the bank and the bank's capital K =  
 
However, note that bank resources include, but are not limited to credit resources, since it implies a use for other active operations of the bank.  
Before the bank expects its credit resources, it is necessary to determine the lending capacity of the bank:  
 
Lending capacity = Total Raised in the bank funds - liquidity reserve bank, where liquidity reserve fund means the mandatory reserves deposited at NBT (Instruction # 153 "On mandatory reserves deposited at NBT)  
   
Credit resources of a commercial bank - is part of the bank's equity capital and borrowed funds, in cash earmarked for active lending operations. There are current loans - that is, resources that are potentially possible to extend credit investments, and instant credit resources - is the amount of resources at a time can be used for lending. For the calculation of the above regulations, the following formula:  
 
Current loans Credit = potential - of credit resources  
 
Instant loans = balances on correspondent / Account + Current receipts - Current payments + cash surplus + highly liquid resources  
 
So, using the above formula, we calculate the credit potential, the current credit and instant credit resources for the 5 largest banks in the Republic of Tajikistan: OAO FIDELITY ", OJSC" Orienbank, OAO Tojiksodirotbonk, OAO Tajprombank and GSS "Amonatbonk.  
 
The original data on 12.31.2009 in thousands Somoni  
 
 FIDELITY Orienbank Tojiksodirotbonk Tajprombank Amonatbonk  
Cash 112 285 183 464 7 719 27 545 70 850  
Due from other banks 51 426 64 593 30 490 17 248 48 996  
Loans to customers 478 541 72 557 285 504 149 073 209 616  
Due to banks 86 413 11 716 141 494 33 016 18 850  
Clients' funds 460 915 674 649 189 385 128 000 279 134  
   
CAPITAL 154 937 213 658 171 350 49 982 106 539  
 
Now we calculate the rates of interest banks, they are listed in the table below. * - Since the financial statements of each of the banks' deposits from customers and other banks shows the net amount that is net of required reserves, so the calculations we use indicators of deposits from customers and banks.  
 
 FIDELITY Orienbank Tojiksodirotbonk Tajprombank Amonatbonk  
   
Lending capacity * 702 265 900 023 502 229 210 998 404 523  
Current loans 223 724 827 466 216 725 61 925 194 907  
Instant loans 163 711 248 057 38 209 44 793 119 846  
   
 
After analyzing the data obtained, we can conclude that the Greatest credit capacity and credit resources has OAO Orienbank.  
 
Market conditions have changed the structure of the banks managing resources of banks, now the structure of resources of a commercial bank depends on its degree of specialization, but, in general, the structure of commercial banks' resources as follows:  
• equity  
• deposits  
• inter-bank loans  
• Other borrowed funds  
 
Own funds of the bank formed from the capital, funds and retained earnings, capital - formed by contributions from banks' shareholders, the timing and structure of contributions to charter capital is regulated by Law "On Banks and Banking Activity" dated May 19, 2009, under which banks in the Republic Tajikistan created as a public company or closed type and form their own charter capital of the nominal value of shares acquired by shareholders.  
Funds as the bank: the order of their formation and use of approved and regulated by the Board of the bank itself. In banking practice, created a reserve fund, special funds and economic regulation. The reserve fund is intended to cover possible losses on the bank of the operations, the size of the reserve fund is determined by the charter of the bank, but can not be less than 15% of the share capital. The source of the reserve fund are royalties from the profits allocated to the fund in accordance with the law.  
 
Net profit of the year - the sum of bank profits, remaining at his disposal, after payment of all taxes and fees.  
 
The remaining 3 species of commercial banks' resources can be combined under one common definition, such as "funds raised", the bank raised funds in the total banking resources take the dominant position - as a percentage of 80%. Between the involved resources are distinguished: deposits, interbank loans and other attraction.  
 
Deposit - a certain amount of money to be made to the bank under certain conditions, there are several types of deposits:  
• demand deposits and time deposits  
• inter-bank loans  
• special deposits  
 
Demand deposits - are the accounts of bank customers that their owners can enjoy the on demand (in the world these deposits are called "on-call"). For demand deposits include:  
• funds for settlement / current accounts of organizations and enterprises  
• Funds of funds for various purposes  
• The funds in the computations  
• balances on correspondent accounts with other banks  
• The funds in demand deposits of individuals  
 
Term deposits - it funds held in client accounts with the Bank on terms of maturity and interest payment. That is the contribution made to a certain amount of time and the bank during this time pay a certain percentage. To correct the timing of payment of such deposits, banks require investors a notice of withdrawal of funds from the account and impose restrictions on early withdrawals from an account in the form of penalties.  
 
Interbank loans - a highly liquid assets - one of the important components of the credit market. The value of interbank loans is that commercial banks can fund their loans from the resources of other banks. Free credit resources are traded, not only financially stable banks, which probably have a surplus of resources, but also banks that are at the stage of development, which still lack the customer base. Timing of the reversal of interbank loans range 1, 3 and 6 months interbank rate is usually lower interest rates than on loans to business executives. The cause of attracting credit resources by the bank-borrower from other banks is to meet the needs of its customers in borrowing, that is to expand its credit investments and the need for regulation of bank liquidity.  
 
However, these highly attraction have some disadvantages, namely limited to the speed of redistribution, the size and timing. These deficiencies are covered by attracting resources and National Bank (still call it 'the lender of last resort "). It is this bank carries out monetary control of the economy, and already, depending on the direction of monetary policy is building relationships with commercial banks. The National Bank carries out in relation to commercial banks policies aimed at expansion or contraction of credit investments. It uses tools such as a change in the level of interest rates, the size of the minimum requirements for compulsory redundancy, the volume of transactions on the open market.  
      
It is also impossible not to mention the value of the securities market, as to attract extra capital the banks could issue bank securities, namely: deposit and savings certificates, bonds and its own debt obligations - bonds.  
 
Deposit and savings certificates - it's written testimony of banks to deposit funds, confirming the right of depositors to receive the deposit. These certificates can be issued only by banks, and certificates of deposit may apply to legal persons, and savings certificates among individuals, have a one-off or serial nature of the issue, the interest rate is fixed at issue, maturity certificates of deposit for up to 1 year, and for savings of up to 3 years.  
 
Obligations of commercial banks - are securities certifying the relationship between the owner of the bond loan and the bank issuing them. Order of their release is identical to issuing shares, their access cycle is as follows: emission - accommodation - treatment - redemption.  
However, bank bonds and other securities are not widely known in the domestic capital market because of poor stock market. However, in other countries, bank securities - the most popular form of securities.  
 
Speaking of the funds raised, it should be noted non-deposit transactions with significant weight in the practice of raising funds by foreign banks to their most common forms include eurodollar loans, which is characterized by the following parameters:  
 
• location of the market - Europe  
• The size of the market - hundreds of billions of dollars  
• term loans - from 3 to 5 years (by our standards is a long-term)  
• Very low interest rates because of the large volume of proposals on the world market  
• issuing eurodollar bonds does not require collateral  
• issuance of bonds, in contrast to shares does not lead to erosion of capital.  
 
Formation of the resource base of the bank, as microeconomic factors, which have a direct impact on liquidity and solvency of the bank is, in my opinion, one of the priorities of the banker, competent policy management of assets and liabilities of the bank - the direction to success in banking. It is important to emphasize the importance of such factors as external conjuncture of the bank, that is forming and expanding the client base of the bank. Very often, due to the specialization of banks, and "carve" the bank's clients are binding to a specific range of customers, which is certainly advantageous for credit relations as "good borrowers" is very profitable for the bank. But in terms of raising funds only literate deposit policy will help attract invest the funds of the "old" customers to the bank and to attract new depositors. After all, when there are credit relations between the bank and the client, the last decision is the bank since before issuing the loan, the bank conducts financial and business analysis of the client. During the same deposit relationships, the last decision is up to the client. So to attract customers for its deposit operations, banks are developing new types of deposit products, which differ by type of deposit currency, interest rate, term of deposit, according to the purpose and terms of payment, conducts a variety of sweepstakes and lotteries, offering new banking service deposit accounts (eg: internet banking, the client, within their powers, he performs an operation on his account through communications).  
 
The following table shows the growth dynamics of the deposit base of the banking system of Tajikistan:  
 
Table 1  
Volume of deposit base  
in thousands Somoni  
 December 31, 2006 for December 31, 2007 December 31, 2008 1 half of 2009  
Total deposits: 1,107,898 2,397,574 1,914,390 2,006,557  
of which:  
of legal entities:  
in national currency 225 897 434 746 576 302 486 091  
in foreign currency 601 055 1 392 666 613 801 700 698  
from individuals:  
in national currency 46 039 81 273 119 868 114 751  
in foreign currency 234 907 488 889 604 419 705 017  
   
Except for one option there is a constant increase in banks' deposit base, which indicates that the rise of confidence in the banks of the population in particular, but the decrease in the deposit base in a foreign currency to legal persons.  
   
However, after analyzing data on the credit investment in the economy of Tajikistan,  
 
Table 2  
Amount of credit banks' investments in the economy of the Republic of Tatarstan  
in thousands Somoni  
 2006 2007 2008 1 st half of 2009  
Total Credits: 2,322,973 3,977,237 4,860,056 5,437,729  
of which:  
in national currency 515 786 991 525 2,274,705 2,341,397  
from NBT 114 381 156 564 185 766 184 008  
Foreign currency 1,807,186 2,985,712 2,585,351 3,096,333  
from NBT 34 480 34 294 0 0  
 
and comparing them to the chart below:  
         
 
we can conclude that: the volume of credit investments have a tendency of constant growth, it is necessary to take into account the interest of banks to lend to the cotton sector of agriculture, and the existing deposit base can not cover even half of credit investments (2006 - 47%, 2007 - 60% in 2008 - 39% and 1 half of 2009 - 37%, respectively), which is certainly contrary to the above theoretical data. Here it is explained by the fact that the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Tatarstan have been allocated special funds to banks for lending to cotton sector of agriculture, as well as the development of microfinance institutions that provide micro-credits to the population. Today in Tajikistan are 86 micro-lending organizations, 19 microcredit deposit organizations and 1 non-banking credit organization. The main goal of microfinance is microcredit population in the short term use and a low interest rate.  
 
In order to determine how resources are formed in the microfinance institutions need to draw the line between micro-lending organization and microcreditdeposit organization. Since microcredit deposit organizations with an appropriate license NBT can perform the following activities:  
 
acceptance of depositsü of physical persons and legal entities  
issuing microcreditü  
implementation of cashü transactions  
issuance and acceptanceü of payment cards  
opening and maintainingü accounts of individuals and entities  
implementation ofü transfer operations  
implementation ofü settlement operations  
issuing guaranteesü  
Operations on loans and guarantees, as well as deposit-taking is limited to the sum of the maximum for micro-credit for a single client.  
 
In this context, microcredit deposit organizations generate their own resources is similar to banks: from its own reserves (capital and reserves), the deposit base, as well as loans from commercial banks and other microfinance institutions.  
 
Microlending funds the same - it is also a microfinance institution which deals exclusively with the issuance of microcredit. Such an organization generates its resources from its own resources and, of course, grants from investors, both local and foreign.  
The recoverability of microcredit, and, consequently, the profitability of these organizations is quite high, as indicated by the rapid growth of the aforementioned organizations across the country, including the remote mountainous regions difficult. It is also more flexible terms of creation, registration and obtaining a license to perform activities, and adequate profitability of microfinance operations create conditions for their development.  
 
Thinking about the demand for banking products, we can not omit evidence of "price" for these products, so the information dynamics of interest rates on loans and deposits in the banking system is presented in the table below.  
 
Table 3  
Dynamics of average interest rates on deposits and credits RT  
% Pa  
 2006 2007 2008 1 st half of 2009  
On deposits to demand:  
in national currency 1.32 0.57 0.49 0.67  
in foreign currencies 0.00 0.11 0.13 0.26  
On savings deposits:  
in national currency 2.22 1.80 3.45 4.13  
in foreign currencies 4.07 4.11 2.88 2.31  
Fixed-term deposits:  
in national currency 18.98 16.13 16.38 19.04  
in foreign currency 14.11 11.56 16.63 17.28  
Credit attachments:  
in national currency  
26.53 22.49 19.23 21.62  
in foreign currency 22.76 21.57 17.80 21.52  
 
Reference:  
The refinancing rate in December 1915 13.5 1910  
The average bank rate 11.29 13.19 13.5 10  
 
And yet, as any economic activity in modern society, banking is regulated by laws, regulations and other normative documents of the National Bank of Tajikistan. First, the definition, development, licensing, operation, size of the share capital and the requirements for executive staff and other aspects of commercial banks and microfinance institutions are regulated by Law "On Banks and Banking Activity" and Law "On Microcredit Organizations" respectively, the legal framework banking and microfinance institutions regulated by the RT "On Joint Stock Companies. Secondly, direct the activities of banks and microfinance institutions and the results are governed by instructions of the National Bank of Tajikistan, which defines the principles of working with banking products and set standards of banking activities.  
 
It should also be noted that the activities of banks, their direction of the deposit and lending policies largely depend on the monetary policy of the National Bank of Tajikistan. For 2009, the National Bank of Tajikistan was adopted and is now successfully implemented a balanced monetary policy.  
 
First was lowered the refinancing rate: from 13.5% to 8% since July 22, 2009, which significantly reduced the "price" of loans to final borrowers.  
 
To control the amount of cash in circulation, reducing the level of dollarization, and provide liquidity to banks and nonbank financial institutions will continue to use reserve requirements, which is one of the main instruments of monetary policy.  
   
Also, the National Bank of Tajikistan in order to ensure short-term liquidity operations are the exchange and reciprocal exchange of assets of credit institutions by buying and selling foreign currency on the interbank market.  
 
Obespespecheniya for further development of the banking system provides the following measures:  
 
Attracting foreignü capital into the banking system, which will promote healthy competition among credit institutions, financial stability, increase in bank reserves and the improvement of banking services;  
increased demands onü the definition of risk by banks when lending to the real sector;  
gain control over theü activities of credit institutions in terms of asset management, liability management and corporate governance, liquidity, reduce banking risks, banking services and reporting. Review of the implementation of risk management standards, "Basel 2";  
measures to reduce theü volume of deposits in foreign currency by providing public interest to hold savings in the national currency;  
standard definition ofü the Deposit Guarantee and ensure the liquidity of credit institutions by amending and supplementing the Law of the Republic of Tajikistan "On guaranteeing deposits of individuals;  
Creation of favorableü conditions to further increase the volume of lending to small and medium businesses in remote mountain regions of the country;  
simplifying proceduresü for obtaining loans for clients of banks and nonbank financial institutions to improve access to credit;  
enforcement of legalü norms of the banking system into line with international standards (adopted changes to the RT Law "On Banks and Banking Activity").  
 
After analyzing the instructions NBT governing banking activities and defining standards of banking activities (Instruction # 132 "On the procedure of banking regulation), I concluded that direct regulations governing the amount of funds banks have, but can be a derivative relationship between the attracted funds of the bank and standards K1-2 - Value of regulatory bank capital to total assets, the minimum allowed value is set at 10% (and for the calculation of the norm of the sum of total assets taken away the remnants of balance sheet accounts # 15701 - Receivable from head office / branches - national currency , # 15703 - Receivable from head office / branches - foreign currency, # 15705 - Receivable from head office / branch offices - Abroad, # 15707 - Receivable from head office / branch - the cotton harvest). That is total bank assets did not exceed the amount of bank's equity capital by 10 times. Attracted by the same means that make up the resource base for active operations of the bank, it is necessary to bring on such a scale that would not violate this standard. This is a task that is competent to attract resources, the bank decides to Committee on Regulatory assets and liabilities. Its tasks also include risk management to attract and credits, as we said above, the binding of the bank to a certain range of clients, too, is a risk, so the "core deposits" of the bank should be as minimally dispersed and concentrated. In the banks of Western countries, for example, or "deposits" are deposits of citizens, but events of recent years have shown an example of what the concentration of lending on mortgage loans, which are usually granted for a long time, there are long-term money, the cause of the collapse of many banks. The Russian Federation is to regulate banks borrowed funds used standard H11, which regulates the ratio of borrowed funds the bank to equity.  
 
In intra-analysis of the relation of assets and liabilities, one of the indicators can serve as a measure "financial leverage", which is defined as the ratio of borrowed funds to equity. The lower financial leverage, the more stable bank.  
 
Based on the foregoing, it becomes clear that the successful management of the bank and its further development depends on balanced activities of all areas of banking activity, such as formation of bank equity, attracting deposits to the bank and, of course, profitable deployment of available resources.