Фискальная политика

                                E2

                           Q2           Q1

                                                                        Revenue issue

 

Figure 3. Proportional taxes and equilibrium national product

The disadvantage of fiscal control is the presence of some considerable time lag. It includes, first, the time it takes from the realization that the country begins recession or inflation, to an understanding of the need to take action. Secondly - the time period from the awareness of this need prior to approval of specific policies. Third, - the period of time from the approval of these measures to obtain the effect of their implementation.

 

          1.3 Automatic Fiscal Policy

 

In practice, the level of government spending, tax revenues may change even if the government does not take appropriate action. This is explained by the existence of a built-stability, which is determined automatically (passive, not discretionary) fiscal policy. Integrated stability is based on mechanisms that operate in the mode of self-regulation and automatically respond to changes in the economy. They are called built-in (automatic) stabilizers. They include:

1. Changes in tax revenue. The amount of tax depends on the income of the population and businesses. During the period of decline in production revenues will decrease, which will automatically reduce the tax revenues to the treasury. Therefore, increase revenues, remaining in the population of enterprises. This will to some extent slow the decline in aggregate demand, which has a positive impact on economic development. Has the same effect and the progressiveness of the tax system. With a decrease in the volume of domestic production declining revenues, but at the same time decrease and the tax rate, which is accompanied by a decrease in the absolute amount of tax revenue, as well as their share of the income of society. As a result of the fall in aggregate demand will be more lenient.

2. System of unemployment benefits and social benefits. They also have an automatic anti-cyclical effect. Thus, the increase in employment leads to higher taxes, which are funded through unemployment benefits. With a slump in the production of an increasing number of unemployed, which reduces aggregate demand.

But at the same time grow and the amount of unemployment benefits. It supports consumption, slow decline in demand and, therefore, oppose the growing crisis. In the same automated systems operate income indexing, social payments. There are other forms of automatic stabilizers: programs to farmers, corporate savings, personal savings, etc.

Built-in stabilizers mitigate changes in aggregate demand and thus help to stabilize the output of the national product. It is through their actions have changed the development of the business cycle recessions have become less deep and shorter. Previously this was not possible, because the tax rates were lower and unemployment benefits and social benefits are negligible.

The main advantage is not discretionary fiscal policy is that its tools (built-in stabilizers) are included immediately at the slightest change in economic conditions, ie there is almost no lag time.

The lack of automatic fiscal policy is that it only helps to smooth out cyclical fluctuations, but can not eliminate them. It should be noted, the higher the tax rate, the more transfer payments, the more efficacious than discretionary policy. [11, 65p]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

    

     2. Tax policy is one of the tools of fiscal policy in Kazakhstan

 

      2.1 Tax policy. Strategy and Tactics of the tax policy

 

      Tax - a manifestation of the sovereignty of the state. This is different from income from state property and loans. The right to collect taxes has always been one of the sovereign rights of the state, as well as coinage and justice, so taxes are set unilaterally, but the contradiction between accepting the establishment of taxes and coercive nature of their recovery is only superficial. The main source of government revenue are taxes.

      Provision of tax law are the starting point in the implementation of fiscal policy. Tax policy - a set of activities in the area of ​​taxes, to achieve a particular purpose. Tax incentives, facilities and rates are manifestations of the tax policy. It is also the law of the technology in the tax regulation, planning and control of public revenue. Tax policy is a part of monetary policy. The content and objectives of tax policy due to social and economic structure of society and social groups, those in power. Economic reasonable tax policy seeks to optimize the centralization of the tax system.

     Objectives of tax policy is to ensure the financial resources of the state, the creation of conditions to control the country's economy as a whole, smoothing arising in the course of market relations of inequality in income levels of the population. The whole set of problems of tax policy can be divided into three main groups:

1. Fiscal - the mobilization of funds to the budgets of all levels to ensure that the state needed to perform its function of financial resources;

2. Economic, or regulatory - is aimed at increasing the level of economic development of the state, the recovery of business and entrepreneurial activity in the country and international economic relations, help solve social problems;

3. controls - control over the activities of economic agents.

      One of the main tasks of the state fiscal policy at this stage - the creation of favorable conditions for the activity of financial and economic activity of the economy and stimulate economic growth through optimal combination of personal and public interest, that is, the optimal ratio between the means at the disposal of the taxpayer, and funds that are redistributed through the tax and budgetary mechanisms.

Conventionally there are three possible types of tax policy:

The first type - the high level of taxation, that is, the policy to the highest increase in the tax burden. If you choose this path will necessarily be a situation where raising taxes is not accompanied by growth in the budgets of various levels.

     The second type of tax policy - low tax burden, when the state takes into account not only their own fiscal interests but also the interests of the taxpayer. This policy assists in the development of the economy, especially the real sector, as it provides the most favorable tax and investment climate (tax rate is lower than in other countries, there is a large influx of foreign investment, including export-oriented, and thus increasing the competitiveness of the national economy). The tax burden on business entities substantially mitigated, but the state's social programs significantly reduced, because the budget revenues are declining.

    The third type - tax policies with a fairly significant level of taxation for corporations and for individuals, which is compensated for its citizens a high level of social protection, the existence of many social guarantees and programs.

     For the fiscal policies of the countries that have long-term vision of building the national economy, characterized by the following features:

- Clear definition of the problems facing the country's economy;

- Ranking of goals according to their importance and focus on achieving the most important ones;

- Conducting analysis and study of foreign experience of tax reforms, a clear understanding of the economic results, gains and losses in the implementation of each program of reform;

- Evaluation of the implementation of such programs in the past;

- Analysis of available tools;

- Adjustment policies with national identity and specific point in time.

       In practice, the tax policy through the tax mechanism, which is a collection of legal forms and methods of tax administration. The state pays the legal form of this mechanism through the tax laws. To guarantee the efficiency of state tax policy is necessary to maintain a certain proportion between direct and indirect taxes specific to a particular country. The problem of orientation of the tax system of the country in the direct or indirect taxes, there are two approaches. The basis of the first approach is the proposition that those individuals and entities who have higher incomes, and have to pay higher taxes than those who do not have any high-income, no expensive property (the principle of ability to pay).

      The second is based on the fact that higher taxes to pay the one who gets the most benefits from the provision of services, which is seen as the realization of the principle of justice, as these categories of the population and should pay for the services provided to the community through the budget. Main, however, the lack of both concepts is that, first, to determine the amount of the benefits that individual taxpayers receive from the existence of the army and law enforcement, it is not possible, and secondly, the methods to measure the possibility of paying taxes for each taxpayer absent. To achieve the objectives of the fiscal policy, eliminate disparities arising functioning tax mechanism the state uses different tools and, in particular, such as specific types of taxes and their components, objects, subjects, benefits, payment terms, rates, penalties. The specificity of the Institute of tax benefits determined tax types, methods of calculation, the purposes of their use, and the countries of their application. World practice has developed a set of principles for the optimal organization of the tax regulation. These include, in particular, include the following:

tax breaks are not as selective;

investment incentives are provided to payers, ensuring the fulfillment of public investment programs and specified production volumes;

- The use of incentives should not cause significant damage to the economic interests of the state;

- The order of the tax benefits is determined by law and shall not be a material adjustment to the local level.

     Another important tool for state tax regulation of the economy are the tax penalties. Their role is twofold, since, first, they enforce the tax laws (sanctions apply for improper fulfillment of obligations to the budget or extra-budgetary funds), and secondly, they orient economic agents to use in its operations more efficient forms of management. However, it should be noted that the effectiveness of sanctions depends on the effective work of controlling and punishing officials.

     Thus, considering the basic tools of taxation, we can say that the nature of the tax regulation of the economy can be stimulating or restraining. In the development of tax policy should take into account the views of all sides of tax relations. On the one hand, it is the desire of economic agents to minimize taxes, but on the other - the interests of the state, which is based on the need for full implementation of its functions.

 

name of indicators	2010	2011	2012
earnings	14.2	15.2	15.0
tax revenues	13.6	14.6	14.4
non-tax revenue	0.4	0.4	0.4
proceeds from sales of fixed assets	0.2	0.2	0.2

 

Table 1. Forecast revenues for the state budget [7]

 

   Tax policy as a set of evidence-based and cost-effective tactical and strategic legal action of government and management can meet the needs of reproduction and growth of social wealth. The initial setting at the tax policy is not only to ensure law and order enforcement of tax payments from taxpayers, but also the comprehensive assessment of the economic and economic relations, and was influenced by taxation. Hence, fiscal policy - it is not automatic execution requirements of tax laws and their improvement.

Tax policy, carried out with the expectation of the future, - a tax strategy, but for now - the tax policy. Tactics and strategy are essential if the government is committed to the harmonization of public, corporate, and personal economic interests. Often tactical steps taken by the leadership of the state to coordinate tax at the moment, is not economically justified. This not only prevents the realization of the tax strategy, but also distorts the entire economic policy of the state. On this basis, based on forecasts of scientists regarding economic developments, the objective reality, the state of social position in society, being developed by the state tax strategy has the following objectives:

economic - economic growth, easing cycles of production, the elimination of disparities in development, overcoming inflation;

social - ND redistribution in the interests of certain social groups by stimulating the growth of non-profit and falling incomes;

Fiscal - increasing state revenues;

International - strengthening economic ties with other countries, to overcome the unfavorable conditions for the balance of payments.

     The contradictions between the tactical actions of management structures and the overall strategy of taxation, approved constitutional acts of the state, lead to imbalances in the budget, failures in the economic mechanism, inhibition of reproduction processes, and ultimately - to the economic crisis.

The validity of tactical actions during the tax policy plays a major role in the formation of the budget revenues. Budget set for the current fiscal year should be consistent with the overall strategy of taxation.

 

     2.2 The tax system in the Republic of Kazakhstan

 

     Our young sovereign state makes the first steps in fiscal policy. On a clear understanding of what should be the tax system depends on the success of the tax legislation of the state. The tax system must meet the following requirements:

     Stability of the tax system;     

Streamline the tax administration (which will facilitate monitoring of timely and complete payment of taxes);

     To privileges the final product, rather than the factors of production (with the provision of benefits after the confirmation of the presence of the practical effect of the quantities subject to preferences). The problem of tax reform is closely related to stimulate productive investment. This coupling is due to the fact that in the framework of fiscal and monetary policy, a system of incentives and other economic measures, which are aimed at encouraging investment in manufacturing;      

Subordination of local and national taxes. (Delineation of state and local taxes in the formation of arbitrary exceptional resources at all levels of the administrative hierarchy, is the guarantor of their self-government);

       Equality before the law for all taxpayers, the uniformity of tax policy (to achieve a greater uniformity will facilitate the satisfaction of other criteria for good tax policy, it helps to simplify the tax and it is a contribution to their neutrality);      

Legislative taxpayer's right to information (tax system should show the people how much are the various activities of the state, which are made in different scales, so that a policy decision as to what to spend money, augmented by the willingness of taxpayers to pay for the action);        

Simplicity of the tax system (a real easy way - a significant reorientation of fiscal policy on the needs of the relative position of each individual taxpayer in strontium broad and general rules, which cover a large part of economic behavior and transactions);      

The neutrality of the tax system (completely neutral tax system leaves unchanged all the cost or price ratio available on the effective action of the private market not influenced by the state). In 1985, Professor Robert Holmes and A Rabushka of the Hoover Institution developed a neutral flat tax, which is a tool to achieve the neutrality of the taxation system and promotes a flexible tax system, which is an effective mechanism for economic policy.

      Tax systems of many countries of the world have evolved gradually over the years. Kazakhstan has also not had any time to create a long-term evolution of the tax system to prompt the formation and development of the national economy. But Kazakhstan can not for one period to a fully satisfactory and modern tax system. Progress toward this goal should be phased in order to give time, as taxpayers and tax organizations to understand the changes as they are introduced. Since it is impossible at a time to make all the changes to be some priority.

     Prior to the adoption, in April 1995., The new tax law situation in Kazakhstan has been extremely difficult. But work at all, or operated with part-time or long intervals of up to 60% of industrial enterprises. The list of candidates for the 12 largest bankrupt companies. General non-payments, a huge budget deficit (as taxes to the treasury almost nobody pays). How much tax in the country really did not know. According to some sources there are only 43 (of which 16 are national, 10 local binding, 17 allowed local), other taxes 47 (and 8 species of royalties in all kinds of funds). Tax schemes put in a better position not producer goods, and who these goods traded or distributed funding investments for goods.

Government, taking a new tax code, has the following objectives:

Simplification, elimination of contradictions;

Turning it into a whole throughout the Republic of Kazakhstan;

      Supposed to reduce the amount of tax to 40-45%, and the personal income tax to 40%, not to weaken the incentives of business, refine rate of all taxes: land, property, personal, rent payments, etc.. The main thing is to be terminated the practice of new inefficient taxes. On the instructions of the Government of the Republic, the Ministry of Finance and other government agencies have developed several alternative projects "Code on taxes." The principles of "government project" by the developers, and scientists are: justice, then there is one exception to privileges at the expense of other taxpayers, simplicity and cost-neutrality, comparability of tax rates, that on the same goods would not have been a great development in the Republic of taxes and with partners in other countries. Think over as progressive-regressive form of taxation, stricter liability, as a taxpayer and tax authorities for violating the law, the creation of the tax police.

     Tax relations entrenched practice. On July 1, 1995 Kazakhstan has a new Tax Code. It is based on the legal parameters adopted in the space of the world, and contributes to the creation of the domestic legal framework to quickly reorient our economy to a market economy, and in the interest of the state in general. The incorporation of fundamentally new fiscal relations - an important page in the relatively short history of market reforms in Kazakhstan. Between the law and its implementation is a long way, but this is where the law is not perceived life. State Tax Service of Kazakhstan was still set up in 1991 by Nazarbayev in order to further improve the system of monitoring compliance with the tax laws. 1995 was the most revolutionary in the first five years - a year of great experimentation radical reform of the tax system of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

     What taxes are levied on the population of Kazakhstan?

      Income tax on individuals and businesses will be charged based on the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan having the force of law "On taxes and other obligatory payments to the budget" on April 24, 1995 № 2235.

 

  Figure 4: Structure of direct taxes and fees

 

      Income tax payers are natural and legal persons having taxable income in the tax year. For individuals are citizens of Kazakhstan, foreign citizens and persons without citizenship. Subject to income tax is the taxable income of an individual, including those engaged in entrepreneurial activity, calculated as the difference between the gross annual income and deductions (allowed for tax purposes). Gross annual income includes all income received in cash or in kind for the tax year. Tax rate (for individuals - 5-40%, for legal - 30%) with an increase in the calculation of taxable income.

2. Payments, taxes subsoil. It includes a bonus - a payment for the right to conduct geological work, Royalties - fee for exploitation of deposits and excess profits tax.

3. N.D.S. (Value added tax). Represents contributions to the budget of the increase in value added in the production and circulation of commodities in Kazakhstan, services and imported goods. N.D.S. payable to the budget shall be determined as the difference between the amounts N.D.S. charged for the sold goods, works and services, and the amount of tax payable (paid) for the acquisition of goods, works or services rendered. Payers N.D.S. are individuals engaged in commercial (business) activities that have taken or are required to be registered on N.D.S.. On the imported goods payers are individuals engaged in the import into the customs territory of Kazakhstan. The object of taxation N.D.S. is the taxable turnover and taxable imports. Taxable turnover is the turnover of sales of goods, work or services performed within the country. Taxable turnover is based on the cost of goods, works or services on the basis of price and used goods, without inclusion of N.D.S.. Imports are taxed imported goods. Rate N.D.S. set at 20% of taxable turnover and taxable imports. N.D.S. amount to be paid to the budget (net N.D.S. charge for the period), defined as the difference between the amount of taxes to be received on taxable turnover and the amount of tax applied as a credit. In applying the accrual method taxpayer N.D.S. amount applied as a credit shall be the amount of tax payable on putting tax accounts - could cause actual supply of goods, including imported, including fixed assets (except buildings and cars) work performed or services rendered during the period, which is used or will be used for the purposes of taxable turnover. In the application of the taxpayer cash basis to classify amounts N.D.S. to offset must take place after payment.