The translation of article

Introduction

 

Article (French article, from Lat. Articulus) (member) - grammatical element that acts as an official language word or affix and serves to express the certainty of uncertainty-category (nominal), that is kind of reference [3.81] .

Article in most languages ​​- a single official word that stands in preposition to the name (or the name of the group).

Product characteristic typology different languages ​​- German, Slavic (Bulgarian, Macedonian), Hungarian, Semitic, Polynesian and others. Number of articles varies depending on the language.

Distinguish the definite article that points to a known, isolated from the class of similar subject matter and thereby serving as a reference and reality beyond the text and anaphoric function in the text, and the indefinite article that points to a unselected object as a representative of a class of similar items.

Also often functional semantic description Part must take into account not only the morphological terms, but its absence in connection with what is necessary to distinguish bezartiklevoe use nouns and nouns with zero article. No article is generally used names are semantically defined, within the meaning of Part does not require, or names that pronoun (first indication) determinants.

Besides the main function reference to the type reference name (individual or species / generic; definite / indefinite) and its semantic and syntactic status in the message structure (this known - definite article / new - the indefinite article) article have a number of other functions, which and will be discussed further.

The aim of this work is to study a variety of sources dispute the English article.

The work had the following objectives:

1. consider the article as an analytical component of the structure and as an official part of speech;

2. give a general description of the functional properties and the conditions of operation of zero article;

3. analyze the evolutionary path of article;

4. discover the essence of article in other languages;

5. analyze the works of Dan Brown's "The Da Vinci Code" and JK Rowling's "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince" from the point of view of controversial issues of English article.

 

 

 

 

1. The theoretical part

 

1.1. Article - a component of the analytical framework

 

English - is a classic example of the analytical language, grammar is rather ancient inflected endings and prefixes are essential order of the words, prepositions and articles. Articles of play a big role in the English language as semantic and emotional as well as talk about the level of education of the person.

Depending on the purpose statement in the speech is often necessary to establish a meaningful connection between the things in question, the context, refer to the already well-known (to specify the identity of objects, select the object of a number of similar, to oppose all sorts of things, characterized by a common private, to give the subject of a particular qualification, highlight the feature). In all of this Articles of simply irreplaceable.

A distinctive feature of the English Part is that it is associated not only with the cases, but also to the family (and the definite article also with a number). Therefore, we can conclude that English article is more independent of the name, which greatly enhances and enriches his own semantic structure and the possibility of its use in a functional language. Although the article is used only where there is a noun or phrase with him, being a spokesman for one of the semantic fields of language, he thus refers to these areas is not only a noun, it can refer to them as well, and whole sections of text and speech.

Articles of, or lack of them reveal the nature of the internal elements of the semantic relatedness of the message. Therefore, alter or omission of articles can promote the destruction of the text, creating a different version of the content. Thus, performing a communicative function, the article is an indicator of individualized or typed context. Part absence - an indicator of context abstract character.

 

 

1.2. Article - service part of speech

 

Article - a structural word to describe a noun. He qualified as an independent word, although functioning as a noun marker [11,15]. Part I ascertained the presence of morphological, syntactic and semantic features. Part morphological feature - its role as a formal measure of the noun part of speech. Part syntactic feature is the function of the left boundary marker of a noun. Semantic feature is the message more information about the subject matter, indicated a noun, a famous speaker or addressee of speech (identified), or remains unknown (not identified). Some authors identify more and communicative function of articles which, in their view, is to express the indefinite article of the new information, which is the center of the message (According to Theorem) and the definite article points to have this information and is not the focus of utterance (theme) [1, 8]. Part communicative function helps implement the author's intent in the text.

The most complete of the definite article gave A.I. Smirnitsky. Product - is a function word that describes the subject through verification, classification and constraints without expressing grammatical relationships between them "[12,215]. Historically, the function words, as the structural and semantic type of words devoid of nominative function, go back to the content words with a specific value. But the hallmark Part is that the word pronominal origin, and self pronoun is the most common word. Made to believe that the definite article the goes back to Old English pronoun meaning "one" and the indefinite article a / an evolved later from a word with the pronoun meaning "one, some, some." Pronoun with this value, in turn, goes back to the numeral "one". The semantic nature of articles is in analogy with the system of demonstrative pronouns [16,91]:

Such such a

That the same

Demonstrative pronouns are the most abstract in meaning and refer to the level of pronouns, which removed all the semantic differences through the kind of faces / non-faces, animate, inanimate, so that they are not in a position to inform the noun those values ​​which are organically connected with the very objects (genus face animate), unlike personal pronouns, and other that can specify these values. Demonstrative pronouns and so called so that they are able to modify the substantial value as if from the side, and there is clearly revealed "human moment" in these values, as likened to the already known (the same), indicate the subject (that), so or otherwise modify, characterize it (such a) may be the only person talking face. From this it follows that the hallmark of English Part is that it is associated not only with the cases, but also to the family (and the definite article also with a number). Therefore, we can conclude that English article is more independent of the name, which greatly enhances and enriches his own semantic structure and the possibility of its use in a functional language.

In modern English has established the concept of the three Article: certain the, indefinite a /an and zero (no significant article). [16,90]

The definite article is inherent value of individualization, it characterizes the subject, as already known, a specific, isolated from the entire class of homogeneous items with them [12,213].

A.I. Smirnitsky claims, firstly, depending on the situation, a particular object may be referred to in speech previously:

The house was there facing south - low and square and modern - looking with rounded windows letting in all the light.

Secondly, the subject, though not mentioned earlier and can act as a speech is famous because of the whole situation or context:

When she came to herself, or when miss Betsey had restored her, whichever it was, she found the latter, standing at the window.

Third, an object always acts as a well-known, if he is the only one of its kind and therefore cannot be included in any class. These include the name of the planets, the cardinal and the like: the Sun, the Moon, the North.

In this regard, an interesting point of view of D.A. Shteling, which gives its interpretation of article usage with unique names, but first consider his point of view of understanding of articles in the English language. D.A. British Articles of Shteling relates to two areas that stand out in the statement: "On the one hand denotation - referent, as a symbol of the fact of reality, on the other hand significatum - meaning, like a thought of that fact." The definite article is the spokesman denotative scope and indefinite and zero - signifying. The definite article represents the item is not as secreted by certain characteristics in mind, and as a matter of objective fact, part of which is the man himself, a subject familiar to the person of the life experience of reality with which one way or another participations. That is why the names of the planets are used with the definite article. All these celestial bodies are directly related to human activity, they are real for humans [16,90].

Smirnitsky A.I. focuses on the fact that the definite article can personalize the item and select a class of objects as a whole, contrasting it with other classes: The dog is stronger than the cat. D.A.Shteling adds that when the definite article identifies a class of objects, it brings to the fore not a quantitative point and the value of qualitative distinctiveness, uniqueness is in fact unique, individual, unique, specific for this particular substance, with nothing comparable, different from all the other items.

These values ​​are some of the definite article the authors unite under a common sign of identification. Identification value is the basis for this article. It is used when re-nomination of the object, if in the context of a restrictive definition, releasing the object of his kind, in the designation of one-of-a-kind items, it may be due to the very situation of communication. Identification occurs when generalizing the meaning of the definite article.

The indefinite article describes the object with the name of which it is associated, as one of the representatives of any of the members of a particular class of objects [12,209].

A.I. Smirnitsky opposes indefinite article defined as a moment of individualization is not associated with it. The indefinite article - article classifies: I saw a tree in the distance.

Since the indefinite article describes the object as a representative of a certain class, it can be used also when it comes to this class as a whole, not just its individual representatives: A tree takes many years to reach full growth.

Refers to any wood and thus the entire class of plants, generally called trees. However, these cases differ from the defined class of objects of nouns with the definite article. The differences lie in the fact that for a certain article of any class of objects discussed in general and contrasted with those other classes. At the time of the indefinite article opposing the class is no different.

D.A. Shteling indefinite article refers to the signifying matter of semantics - it is not the representation of the object in its existence, and the idea of ​​the human subject. The above example, he interprets as follows: In the first example, I saw a tree in the distance - the specific situation of objective reality, the object observed by man, the situation generated by the physical action of man. In the second example A tree takes many years to reach full growth that allows us to express the same Articles of general truth, generalization, to which people came as a result of many years of observation, every tree takes a long time to reach maximum growth. In this case, the article refers to the whole sentence as a whole. Thus, the range of values ​​for the expressions which this article can be used, it is wide and varied. This not only classification. The substantial importance in this case appears as a qualifying anyone, what he saw, the alleged mentally, interpreted and reported by the ownership rights (the character's) to be reported are always implicitly and understand it often is not easy to [16,92].

A.I. Smirnitsky argues that being ARTICLE classifying, the indefinite article is not used with words denoting objects, one-of-a-kind, and thus stand outside of any class [12,208]. His statement refutes D.A. Shteling, who says that nouns are the Sun, the Moon, the North, the World can be used with the indefinite article, if they are not part of the reality, a part of which is man. The indefinite article takes a saying in the sphere of thought, conceptual. This is not a representation of an object in existence, and the idea of ​​the human subject.

Thus, we can conclude that the main value of the indefinite article is classifying: the subject as opposed to one of the class. The degree of specificity can be different but the overall identification, as a definite article is absent. Option values ​​can be considered as classifying and generalizing the values ​​observed in some cases, the use of the indefinite article.

Also, the English language has a zero article, which will be discussed later.

 

1.3 Functional properties and modalities of zero article

 

Articles of play a big role in the English language as semantic and emotional as well as talk about the level of education of the person. But in reading English magazines and newspapers, listening to the spoken language, you will notice that sometimes used for other Articles of traditional, classical rules. Are many nouns are used without the article, in cases where they should have been.

It has been hypothesized that in the modern English language Articles of quite often omitted if it does not violate the spirit of the proposal.

Articles of not used with uncountable nouns and nouns in the plural, referred to in a general sense, with their own names, in constructions like He turned sailor; He was son of a University professor (if you want to emphasize the social position) or when it is said about the only a-kind title or position.

e.g. They nominated candidates for the post of President and Vice-President.

e.g. He was appointed secretary of the new Committee.

Articles of not used in phrases like: from tree to tree, from house to house, horse and rider, husband and wife, lock and key; to be in town, to go out to sea, etc.

But on the other hand, under any of these rules are not applicable to the following phrases:

e.g. I like hamburger.

I am in seventh grade.

By all rights, there should be article. But here it is not.

So in what cases the zero article is used in modern English.

1. Zero article is used in all sorts of instructions.

e.g. Use pencil. Blow-dry, brushing hair with a flat paddle brush to get it super sleek. Comb hair into place, parting on the side and sweeping bangs across one eye.

Articles of not being used in the technical literature, especially the instructions set out even spoken language.

e.g. Supply the correct adaptor for the different standard of telephone plug.

2. Articles of not often used as a uncountable and a countable noun in a given sense. Similar examples abound articles from popular science magazines.

e.g. For the first time, oil is reported on the shores of Seward, at the head of Resurrection Bay.

Note. On the other hand, the same word in a similar situation has article:

e.g. As the oil continuous to move to the southwest, plans are made to open a rehabilitation center in Seward.

Reserves and parks can help maintain valuable kagu habitat.

The atoll, also used for testing, was partly resettled in 1980 after radioactive soil and debris were removed.

At least 30 porters were needed to carry out supplies and equipment from Jumla to base camp. Base camp rested on a small river.

Note. Although the word "camp" is normally used without an article in the phrases "go to camp" and "be at camp", in this case, obviously needs a definite article.

We packed instruments, took last-minute photographs ...

3. The next area where nouns are used without the article - it was signed by photos, including advertising photography.

e.g. Sea otter in cage at rescue center.

e.g. Her: green two-layer dress and green beaded cardigan, silver mules. Him: gray "parklane" suit, red tie and blue shirt, all darks simpson shoes, model's own.

The lack of articles typical for all types of ads.

e.g. Very demanding but challenging role for articulate secretary bursting with enthusiasm! Experienced, confident secretary needed by disorganized lawyer in well-established legal practice!

4. Nouns are used without the article in culinary recipes.

Coconut Cake

Prepare cake according to directions making two layers ...

But you can find some cases that do not belong to any of the above categories.

e.g. After "the position of, the post of, or the role of" we use zero article before a job title.

At first I thought; Oh, God, the big smoke, I do not know if this is for me; but I like the south now and work is great.

Then it is back together with Gywnnie and more tabloid speculations, for romantic comedy Bounce. He is especially lucky in the three young actors who play main character Frank as he grows.

... winning a small role in coming-of-age drama School Ties.

Most likely, in these cases, there is a collision with the same trend as in other parts of the grammar, that is, using a simpler version instead of the more complicated, if it does not lead to a breach of sense.

G. Veyhman, author of "New in English grammar," leads some cases the use of zero article, but they are fairly well known, and may have a logical explanation. It features the use of articles with the words of television, headache, day, morning, government, management, work, sea, as well as with words, called the schools and in the British and American versions: boarding school, university, college. It should be noted that these words have been used previously with zero article in prepositional phrases. But now we are seeing the zero article, if they act in the role of the subject.

e.g. School should be a place where children are to be taught to enjoy learning.

It should also be noted that the Russian-speaking students often experience difficulty in using of articles because they consider many countable nouns, as in the process of learning the language first meet them as countable. Therefore, the following suggestions may be a surprise to Russian students.

e.g. A Bay is part of an ocean, sea or lake, that extends into the land (World Atlas for Intermediate Students).

He is a specialist in heart disease (National Geographic, 1986, June, p.121).

An analysis of monolingual dictionaries, we can offer a list of nouns in modern English are both countable and uncountable.

 

birch effect lemon pie

carrot effort lettuce pizza

dialect hesitation license potato

diet home light queue

disease hope line watermelon

divorce leakage lunch etc.

doctrine legend melodrama

 

If these nouns are uncountable, Part absence can be explained in a sentence My favourite food is hamburger.

Part tendency to prolapse can also be seen with their own names, previously used with the definite article the. Using your own name without the article observed since the beginning of the 20th century.

In modern English are increasingly common omission of the article with the names of countries, political parties, government agencies, magazines, ships, hospitals, sports teams, businesses and brands.

e.g. Congo, Lebanon, Ukraine, Crimea, Argentina, Antarctica instead of the Congo, the Lebanon, the Ukraine, the Crimea, the Argentine, the Antarctic.

Labour instead of the Labour Party.

Conservative Republican instead of the Republican Party.

Democrats instead of the Democratic Party.

Congress instead of the Congress.

Note. As a rule, in the names of political and social organizations that have emerged relatively recently, the article is missing, most likely, it affects both the name of the traditional political parties.

The phrase on the radio also loses article, as well as combinations with numerals denoting time: in first year, in third year.

Zero article is common nouns in scientific and popular articles, as well as articles about the cultural life and even in articles on consumer topics. Zero article replaces both the indefinite and definite article, and more often than uncertain.

The use of zero article instead of the Part in articles, of which examples are drawn, it seems arbitrary, the same noun in a particular sense is used with the article the, and without it.

In English, there is a tendency to expand the use of zero article. The most commonly used in the zero article writing, especially in the instructions of different ads, in the captions under the photos in cooking recipes. It is interesting that the more detailed advertisement and the closer it is to the communications literary text, the more traditional use articles. But despite all of the above examples, they represent a relatively recent trend, primarily related to writing and have not been confirmed in a grammar book, so we are learning English as a foreign language, it should be in a speech to adhere to the classical rules of article usage.

Thus, the zero article is found not only in the headlines, in a telegram, in a conversational style, but also in some other cases.

For example:

- Sign on the house: Sale agreed " Дом продан ";

- Instructions to use a pay phone: 1.Lift handset, 2. Insert money , 3. Dial number, 4. Follow on call? ("Хотите повторить вызов?") ​​Press blue button then re-dial 5. Replace handset. Unused coins returned;

- A warning sign: Please drive with extreme care. Speed ​​not exceed 5 MPH (the last three examples are written off in London and the port of Tilbury);

- From the technical manual: Fuse blown " Перегорел предохранитель ";

- Informal note: If new blasthole ahead of smelter only one week, would mean 20 million pounds nickel backed up unsmelted;

- Advertising: Slim in Six Weeks-or Money Refunded;

- Idiomatic expression: to clean house " перевернуть дом вверх дном "; to jump ship " удрать с судна";

- Set phrases: Not touched bottom; a room with private bathroom;

- Nouns denoting parts of the body (often with a preposition): There was something uncanny in the thought of Cariyon with sad, ape-like face standing very still with back turned [2,31].

 

 

1.4. Article in other languages

 

An integral, essential human characteristic that distinguishes it from most of the world, is the language. Language is not simply reflect the reality in the minds of the people, he, first of all, is the most important means of human communication. It is well known that the only form of existence of language is speech, so all the characteristics of the language as the object under study is always derived from the dynamics of speech activity. It is always concrete, any statement implies a certain goal. Depending on the purpose statement in the speech is often necessary to establish a meaningful connection between the things in question, the context, refer to the already well-known (to specify the identity of objects, select the object of a number of similar, to oppose all sorts of things, characterized by a common private, to give the subject of a particular qualification, highlight the feature). In addition, the proposal must be allocated semantically important thing is already known to be opposed to the new, yet unknown to be reported. One of the main means of expression of these values ​​is an article, which is defined as "structural word to describe a noun associated with the lexical meaning of this part of the speech and the categories of certainty / uncertainty» .

In modern English has established the concept of the three Article: certain the, indefinite a / an and zero (no significant Part).

It should be noted that the article does not exist in all languages. In Latin and Russian Part does not exist in the Greek definite article, developed from the demonstrative and indefinite was not. In various languages ​​form of articles may also be different. Along with the English and the German article, which is an individual particle, is used before nouns (with its definition), there is a so-called suffigirovanny article, attachable to the noun as a special kind of suffix. This article suffigirovanny found in the Scandinavian languages, such as Swedish: dag (the day), dagen (the day). It is also typical for the Bulgarian language, such as линията (the line), селото (the village) and the Romanian universal (the universe), curentul (the messenger).