Here are the main means of transport:
• Railway;
• sea;
• inland water (river);
• Automobile;
• air;
• Pipeline.
Each of the modes has specific features, advantages
and disadvantages.
In this paper I would like to elaborate on the advantages
and disadvantages of different types of transport logistics, transport
part in the national economy and in particular on inland waters.
Consider the advantages and disadvantages of the
use of vehicles in terms of logistics.
Road transport is traditionally used for short distances:
3) Benefits:
^ High maneuverability;
^ "Door to door" with the necessary degree
of urgency;
^ Regularity of supply;
* The possibility of supply in small batches;
^ The least stringent requirements for product packaging,
etc.
4) Disadvantages:
* High cost of transportation;
^ Urgency discharge;
* The possibility of theft and theft of goods by
road;
^ A relatively small capacity, etc.
The most common in the world road transport. In Russia,
it can not compete in the mass inter-rail freight service, primarily
because of its high specific energy and transportation costs, long-range
transport and the lack of a modern highway network a level. Its scope
in Russia - urban, suburban and intra freight and passenger transport
and the transport of medium-and long-haul tonnage precious and perishable
goods.
Its main advantage - flexibility, as it can deliver
the goods to almost anywhere. Although the maximum speed on the road
is limited, the ability to provide this kind of transport service "door
to door" avoids overload of products to other transport modes,
reducing the total time of the trip.
However, the speed of movement can be an important
factor, especially in view of congestion due to which vehicles are slower.
Compared to the railroad, where almost every owner
of monopolizing a specific route for the road transport is characterized
by a set of carriers operating in the same areas. With so many carriers
competition tends to become more acute, and pricing - more flexible.
Rail:
3) Benefits:
* Transport of large loads in all weather conditions;
^ Relatively fast delivery of goods over long distances;
* Regular services;
^ Convenient organization of loading - unloading
operations;
^ A relatively low cost of transport of goods,
and the availability of discounts, etc.;
4) Disadvantages:
* Slow speed of movement;
* Limited number of carriers;
* Theft and losses;
^ A small possibility of delivery to points of consumption
(in some cases, should be complemented by road)
etc.
For heavy and large cargo over medium and long distances
with a high concentration of freight flows, more often, choose rail.
Rail service is generally considered to be so important
that, as a rule, is controlled by the state.
The number of rail carriers inevitably small, especially
compared to road transport. The main reason for this - a major investment
in the construction of the railway, rolling stock and terminals.
Because of the low cost of rail transport can be
used to move large amounts of relatively cheap materials (coal, mineral
fertilizers, etc.). For this reason, rail transport is more often used
in the initial sections of the supply chain. Organizations often use
the services of the railway for the incoming flow of raw materials than
the outgoing flow of finished goods.
More obvious difficulty is that trains can travel
only on certain routes, and between fixed terminals. Most customers
are located at a distance from these terminals, so they have to ship
goods by road in the early part of the journey, and at its end. This
increases the total time, while rail and regarded themselves as relatively
slow. Therefore, they are more comfortable for long distances.
There are solutions to overcome the limitation of
access, for example, to place elements of the infrastructure near rail
terminals or ports, airports, container ports or other terminals. If
demand is high enough, justifiably create special structures. For example,
it may be cheaper to build a separate branch line from the power plant
to a coal mine, than to transport coal trucks.
Water transport is the largest carrier in international
traffic. Over 90% of world trade is related to the transport of goods
by ship. Maritime transport is mainly external, export and import. The
role of coastal shipping to the northern and eastern coastal regions
of Russia. There are three basic types of water transport:
1) river used on rivers and canals (usually called
inland waterways);
2) coastwise (transportation from one port to the
other along the coast);
3) sea (by major seas).
Maritime transport:
3) Benefits:
^ Low freight rates;
* High carrying capacity, etc.
4) Disadvantages:
^ Low speed;
* Limited ability to deliver to points of consumption;
^ Stringent requirements for packaging and securing
of cargo;
^ Low frequency of shipments;
* Dependent on weather and navigation conditions.
Most water transport of goods by major shipping routes.
Some countries have an advantageous position, as they have a comfortable
beachfront, allowing them to actively engage in international travel,
for example, cities such as Rotterdam, Hong Kong and New York, created
a major port. In 20 of the largest ports in the world is more than half
of world trade.
Some species of sea transport will inevitably involve
long routes. In this case, for the transport of various goods used different
types of vessels. These ships provide significant economies of scale,
so the goal of many structures - to transport large loads and achieve
lower costs per unit of transported products.
Inland water transport:
3) Benefits:
^ Low freight rates (the cheapest transport in transport
cargo weighing more than 100 tons a distance of over 250 km);
4) Disadvantages:
* Slow speed of delivery;
* Limited ability to deliver to points of consumption;
^ Low frequency of shipments;
^ Low geographic availability.
A well-developed river / canal transport available
in many countries. Inland water (river) transport designed for traffic
on the narrow vessels or barges of relatively small individual types
of cargo over medium and long distances, and for passenger traffic (especially
suburban). For goods of more than 100 tons a distance of over 250 km
of this form of transport is the cheapest. However, in recent decades,
it is not competitive with other modes of transport and almost turned
into a particular kind of technological transport, for the transport
of mineral construction materials and tourist cruises.
Air transport:
3) Benefits:
* The highest rates of delivery;
* The possibility of delivery to remote areas;
* High safety of goods.
4) Disadvantages:
^ High freight rates;
* Limiting the size of the party;
* Dependent on weather conditions (leading to unpredictable
delivery schedules).
In function to air transport also provides highly
specialized: it carries mainly passenger services on long and medium
distances, although it has a great importance in the transportation
of a number of valuable, perishable and emergency supplies. Airlines
also carry a significant share of freight, delivery speed are more important
than cost. In practice, these are only used to transport relatively
expensive products. Perhaps the most common type of transport - delivery
of documents and parcels.
In this area, to make transactions of three basic
types:
1) regular maintenance, when major airlines use for
cargo space on passenger aircraft, not filled luggage;
2) cargo services, where operators to schedule regular
flights of cargo planes. This common carriers transporting goods to
any customer;
3) charter operations when the entire aircraft is
leased to deliver specific cargo.
As companies involved in shipping, airlines face
the fact that the goods should be delivered to the airport and pick
up from the airport. Therefore around major airports are very different
structures for moving products coming from their organization to the
desired aircraft, as well as to pick up the delivered aircraft loads
and distribute them to customers. All this takes time, which reduces
the overall benefits of air travel.
Another problem airlines - their costs, which they
can operate in a very limited range. Here we have the combination of
high fixed costs (planes expensive to buy) and high variable costs (fuel
and payment of airport services, staff salaries, etc.). The flights
of aircraft also is expensive, and no real way to reduce these costs
do not. In addition, competition in this market can be very sharp, which
imposes limitations on the amount of the tariff, and because of new
airlines often go broke.
Pipeline transport
3) Benefits:
* Low cost;
* High throughput.
4) Disadvantages:
^ A narrow range of goods to be transported (liquid,
gas, emulsion).
Pipeline transport, in contrast to the above described
universal means of transport, is still highly specialized, designed
for pumping over long distances of liquid and gaseous products of a
limited range of gas, oil and oil products, as well as in municipal
water supply and sewage removal.
Comparative analysis of Russia
and China on maritime cargo
In Russia,
with sea transport is more than 60% of foreign trade operations. But
in recent years, the volume of cargo fleet to reduce significantly.
In this respect Russia is lagging behind even the smaller European and
Asian countries. This can be observed on a comparative chart of freight
by sea to Russia and China.
Reducing the
volume of transportation of Russian cargo ships under the Russian flag
against the background of increasing traffic volumes vessels under foreign
flags.
Own navy has provided no more than 4 - 6% of Russian
foreign trade operations.! Error in formula
Each year, the volume of freight by sea is steadily
declining, leading to huge losses in the economy.
Carriage of goods by sea in Russia (1), ocean freight
China (2) mt. Sources: National Bureau of Statistics of China.
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