Банковское дело

However while the policy of support of small and average business is based on double standards - on the one hand, the state constantly speaks about need of decrease in administrative barriers, on the other hand, adopts the laws significantly complicating life to business [11].

More active development of financing of small business is interfered by a number of factors.

First, at this stage of the development the Russian banks don't possess sufficient resource base for delivery of the long-term credits. The majority of financial intermediaries, especially in regions, exist at the expense of short-term deposits.

Secondly, at comparable operational costs for service of the large and small borrower to large bank it is unprofitable to work with small business. Such procedures of financing of small business which would allow quickly are necessary and with small expenses to prepare and carry out the big mass of small transactions, providing in too time acceptable quality of a credit portfolio. Large banks develop skoringovy systems of an assessment of partners for the solution of this problem.

Thirdly, a serious obstacle for increase in volumes of financing of small business are the high risks partly caused by opacity of small business, and a problem of mortgage providing the transaction. However, as practice showed, this problem is also solved. Especially as the share of problem loans, by estimates of bankers, is insignificant and makes about 3-5% from the given-out credits to small business.

According to bankers, more hard work of banks and small business could be promoted by the following steps of the state:

-   first, adoption of the new law on the pledge, allowing to exclude a mortgaged property from competitive weight at bankruptcy of the debtor, and also extrajudicial collecting assuming opportunity by mortgaged property bank, and introduction of system of registration of pledge of a personal estate;

-  secondly, amending Position of Bank of Russia of 26.03.2004 No. 254-P "About an order of formation by the credit organizations of a reserve on possible losses according to loans, on the debt loan and equated to it".

This situation interferes with financing of small business. The Central Bank considers the credits to small enterprises in most cases as problem and hopeless loans under which the credit organizations have to create reserves at a rate of a half or the full sum of the credit. Respectively, banks have to dig up additional resources for creation of reserves, and, as a result, it leads to increase in expenses of bank and rate increase.

Reduction of tax loading by small enterprises would become a positive factor for banks.

It is possible to carry to limiting factors of expansion of financing of small business and high risks, lack of legal guarantees of effective repayment of the loan, weakness of information base on credit stories of borrowers. The problem of financing of small business in our country remains unresolved throughout the long period of time. Businessmen give arguments which interfere use credited in banks. Statistically, about 15% of representatives of small business don't take the credit because of high interest rates. All because depending on a type of the credit tool, the sum of the credit, time period on which it is provided, mortgage providing, and also currency in which the credit is given, the interest rate can change from 10 to 19% per annum. Other reason of not too high popularity of the credits in the environment of small business which was given by about 23% of businessmen, are requirements of bank for granting guarantors. And, at last, about a quarter of all businessmen don't resort to use of credit tools because of need of providing pledge. The main reason for it consists in the low cost of assets of small business enterprises. There are also unsecured credit tools, however the credit sum in this case, as a rule, doesn't exceed 500-700 thousand rubles. It should be noted also that there is a dependence between receiving the credit and a type of pledge. The more speed of realization of pledge, the high probability of receiving by the businessman of the credit. In case pledge are, for example food, pharmaceutical goods or the household chemicals, which period of storage makes less than half a year, banks give out the credit reluctantly. It is connected with that in case of a credit default, it will be difficult to bank to realize pledge before the expiration of its validity.

Meanwhile, as foreign practice shows, cooperation of banks and small business enterprises not simply really, but also is mutually advantageous. Banks are interested in development of cooperation with the enterprises of small and medium business as this segment is rather stable, making a national economy basis. One of the main tools for development of data of the enterprises are the various credit programs, allowing to bring business to a new level of development, expanding capacities of the enterprise or developing its trade activity.

To small business cooperation with banks could allow from the very beginning to learn to plan activity, to analyze the market, to operate financial streams and adequately to estimate the real condition.

Recommendations

One of the most frequent problems when crediting small business enterprises is absence at the last liquid property for credit providing. But on the example of the Unikod Ltd company which has faced a similar prpyatstviye, it is obvious that the exit is. Both guarantee-mortgage crediting becomes the most favorable and optimum decision for small business in a similar case. It is opportunity to obtain the credit in bank on favorable terms at the guarantee of Fund of support of small and medium business. For a solution in December, 2007 the program of providing guarantees of Fund within which subjects of small and medium business at the appeal to bank behind the credit can receive the guarantee at the expense of fund in the sum to 20 million rubles was started. The maximum volume of responsibility of Fund makes 50% from the size of credit obligations of the borrower.

Except the sum the businessman has also some other advantages when receiving the credit in bank under the Fund guarantee: simplicity of procedure of obtaining the guarantee (it isn't required the preliminary appeal to Fund behind obtaining the guarantee), lack of need to provide additional providing (unlike the bank guarantee when additional providing is provided by the borrower not only to the bank which is giving out the credit, but also bank guarantor), speed of decision-making on providing the guarantee and others.

1  The newsletter of Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation concerning small business in the Russian Federation for September, 2010 [site]. URL:http://smb.gov.ru/content/download/attached, 987/download.php (date of the address of 25.05.2011).

2  In Russia state support 2% of small enterprises receive only.URL [site]: http://www.admin.irbp.ru/page/111/1139/ (date of the address of 30.04.2011).

3  Osipov A.S. Advantages of innovative development [site]. URL: http://novainfo.ru/preimushchestva-innovatsionnogo-razvitiya (date of the address of 28.05.2011).

Bibliography