Автор работы: Пользователь скрыл имя, 27 Мая 2012 в 23:20, контрольная работа
The English educational system is much more complicated than in our country. In Britain boys and girls go to school from the age of five to fifteen; some go till the age of sixteen or eighteen. The children of the rich get a far better education than the children of the poorer classes. They attend expensive Public Schools, e.g. (=for example) Eton or Rugby where pupils have to pay much money for their studies. Later on many of them study at Oxford or Cambridge. High political and business positions are open to them. (complicated сложный; age возраст; rich богатый; poor бедный; expensive дорогой; pupil ученик).
12. According to the US Constitution the powers of the government are divided into 3 branches. What are they? – The powers of the government are divided into 3 branches: the executive, headed by the President, the legislative, exercised by the Congress, and the judicial.
13. How many chambers does the Congress of the USA consist? - The Congress consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives.
14. What are the main political parties in the USA? - There are two main political parties in the USA: the Republican and the Democratic.
1. Read and translate the text.
Washington is the capital of the United States of America. It is situated in the District of Columbia and is like no other city of the USA. It's the world’s largest one-industry city. And that industry is government. The White House, where the US President lives and works, the Capitol, the home of the US Congress, and the Supreme are all in Washington.
Washington was named after the first US President George Washington. He selected the place for the capital and Pierre L’Enfant, a French engineer, designed the city.
Washington was first settled in 1790 and since 1800 it has been the Federal capital.
Washington is one of the most beautiful and unusual cities in the United States. In the very centre of it rises the huge dome of the Capitol — a big white dome standing on a circle of pillars. The 535 members of the Congress meet here to discuss the nation's affairs. If s easy to get lost in this huge building, full of paintings arid statues.
Not far from the Capitol is the Library of Congress, the largest library in the States. It contains more than 13 million books, more than 19 million manuscripts, including the personal papers of the US presidents.
The White House is the official residence of the US President. He works in the Oval Office.
One can hardly find a park, a square or an open area in Washington without a monument or a memorial. The most impressive and the best-known ones are the Lincoln Memorial arid the Washington Monument.
There are some important museums in Washington where you can see all kinds of things: famous paintings arid sculptures, the dresses of Presidents’ wives, the original of the Declaration of Independence, the largest blue diamond in the world, etc.
There are 5 universities in Washington.
There are no skyscrapers in Washington, because they would hide the city's many monuments from view. No building in the city may be more than 40 meters tall.
Thousands
of tourists visit Washington every day. People from all parts of the
United States come to see their capital.
2. Answer the questions:
2.Is Washington a typical American city? - Washington is not a typical city of the USA. It is a capital of the USA. Washington is one of the most beautiful and unusual cities in the United States. In the very centre of it rises the huge dome of the Capitol — a big white dome standing on a circle of pillars.
3.It's the world's largest one-industry city, isn't it? What kind of industry is it? – Washington is the world’s largest one-industry city. That industry is government.
4.What important government buildings are situated in Washington? - The White House, where the US President lives and works, the Capitol, the home of the US Congress, and the Supreme are all situated in Washington.
5.Where does the US president live and work? - The White House is the official residence of the US President. He works in the Oval Office.
6.Who selected the place for the capital of the USA? - The first US President George Washington selected the place for the capital.
7. Is there a monument to George Washington in the city? – Yes, there is. The most impressive and the best-known monuments are the Lincoln Memorial arid the Washington Monument.
8.When was Washington first settled? - Washington was first settled in 1790 and since 1800 it has been the Federal capital.
9.Who designed the capital of the USA? - Pierre L’Enfant, a French engineer, designed Washington.
10. What places of interest in Washington do you know? - There are some museums in Washington where you can see all kinds of things: famous paintings arid sculptures, the dresses of Presidents’ wives, the original of the Declaration of Independence, the largest blue diamond in the world, etc. There are a lot of memorials and monuments in the capital.
11.How many universities are there in Washington? - There are 5 universities in Washington.
12.Why aren't there any skyscrapers in Washington? - There
are no skyscrapers in Washington, because they would hide the city's
many monuments from view. No building in the city may be more than 40
meters tall.
1. Read and translate the text.
How does one characterize Benjamin Franklin? Journalist, scientist, educator, politician, writer, administrator, philosopher — he truly seemed to be able to do almost everything. His accomplishments and the talents and interests which he displayed during infer course of his long life — 1706 to 1790 — have caused him to be called "the first American" and "the last universal man".
Benjamin was one of 17 children, all of whom were expected to help support the large Franklin household. As a young child, he worked in the shop of his father, a soap and candle-maker, but this work did not appeal to the boy who loved to read and study. There, when he was 12, Benjamin was sent to assist his half-brother James who had a printing shop. There, surrounded by books, young Ben would often stay up late into the night reading on a wide range of subjects, and as he read, he practiced improving his own style of writing.
In 1721, James began publishing a newspaper, the New England Courant. Benjamin secretly wrote articles for the paper under the pen name of "Dame Silence Dogood", putting them under the door of print shop late at night so that his brother would not know the articles were his. They were full of humor and wise observations of life in Boston, Franklin's birthplace, and they immediately became popular with the public.
After a quarrel with James, Benjamin left Boston to seek his own fortune. Failing to find work in New York City, the 17-year-old boy went on to Philadelphia where he-found a job as a printer's apprentice and soon had a wide circle of friends. Within a few years, Franklin had got married, had started his own printing shop, and was looked upon as a successful young businessman.
In 1729, Franklin bought the newspaper, The Pennsylvania Gazette. Besides the regular news, Franklin included his own articles and editorials alive with humour and wisdom; and soon the paper was the most widely read in all of colonial America.
At the same time, Franklin involved himself in community projects. He founded, for example, the Junto, a discussion group that met weekly to debate the issues of the day. The Junto was active for 30 years and developed into the American Philosophical Society. He also founded the country's first subscription library and organized America's first fire-fighting and fire insurance companies. He helped improve the local police force and to establish a hospital and a college which later became the University of Pennsylvania? He once said of his activities, "I would rather have it said, "He lived useful', than "he died rich'..."
In 1732, Franklin began the publication of an almanac under the name Richard Saunders (an English astrologer). He continued to publish it annually for about 25 years, and it came to be known as Poor Richard's Almanac.
As an experimenter and practical user of scientific facts, Franklin looked for easier and better ways to do things. He invented an open stove, the Franklin stove, which gave more heat and wasted less fuel than a fireplace. He also invented a musical instrument called the glass harmonica and the stepladder chair.
Franklin is especially famous for his contributions in the field of electricity. The commonest terms used in electricity today are Franklin's words: battery, armature, charge, condense, conductor, plus, minus, positive, negative — terms he made up as he made observations or conducted experiment. He is best known, however, for his discovery that electricity and natural lightning are the same. He invented the lightning rod which today protects millions of buildings from lightning.
He also did pioneer work in the field of weather observations. Few people know that it was Benjamin Franklin who discovered the movement of storms from west to east upon which all weather forecasting today has been based. He also made the first scientific study of the Gulf Stream, that mysterious body of warm water that flows up the eastern coast of the United States and then heads off for Europe.
In 1757, Franklin went to London as a colonial agent. He worked hard to bridge the developing division between England and her American colonies. He had always considered himself a loyal Englishman. Gradually, however, his sympathies became more and more American and less British, and his ideas favouring American independence became stronger.
Returning to Philadelphia in 1775 at the start of American Revolution, Franklin worked tirelessly for the cause of independence. He helped write the Declaration of Independence.
In 1781, the British surrendered, and Franklin was chosen to go to London to help negotiate the peace treaty with England, In 1783, the treaty was signed, and two years later Franklin returned home to retire. He was 79 years old. But there was still one more task for him to perform for his country. In 1787, Franklin was called from retirement, this time to help write a constitution for a democratic federal government.
He died three years later, at the age of 84
Benjamin Franklin was a journalist, scientist, educator, politician, writer, administrator, philosopher. His accomplishments and the talents have caused him to be called "the first American" and "the last universal man".
Benjamin was one of 17 children in a family. When he was a child, he worked in the shop of his father, a soap and candle-maker. But at the age of 12, Benjamin began to work in his half-brother James’s printing shop. There Ben often stayed late reading books and improving his style of writing.
In 1721, James began publishing a newspaper, the New England Courant. Benjamin secretly wrote articles and put them under the door of print shop. The newspaper immediately became popular with the public.
After a quarrel with James, Benjamin left Boston. After all he found a job in Philadelphia. In a few years, Franklin became a successful young businessman.
In 1729, Franklin bought the newspaper, The Pennsylvania Gazette. Franklin founded the Junto, a discussion group that met weekly to debate the issues of the day. The Junto developed into the American Philosophical Society. He also founded the country's first subscription library, America's first fire-fighting and fire insurance companies. In 1732, Franklin began to publish a Poor Richard's Almanac.
Benjamin Franklin invented an open stove, and a musical instrument called the glass harmonica and the stepladder chair. Franklin is famous for his contributions in the field of electricity. Few people know that Benjamin Franklin discovered the movement of storms from west to east upon which all weather forecasting today has been based.
In 1775 Franklin helped to write the Declaration of Independence. Franklin
returned home at the age of 79. In 1787, Franklin helped to write a
constitution for a democratic federal government. He died at the age
of 84. He had always considered himself a loyal Englishman.
3. Put 5 questions of different types.
Who was called "the first American»?
Was Benjamin Franklin working when he was young?
His first newspaper was called The Pennsylvania Gazette, wasn’t it?
The Junto was a discussion group that met weekly to debate the issues or to invente a musical instrument?
When did Benjamin Franklin die?
Контрольная работа № 4
Read and translate the
text.
English Traditions
London has preserved its old ceremonies and traditions to a greater extent than any other city in England. Most of these traditions have been kept without interruption since the thirteenth century.
Foreigners coming to London are impressed by quite a number of ceremonies, which seem to be incompatible with the modern traffic and technical conditions of a highly developed country. Uniforms are rather characteristic of this fact. When one sees the warders at the Tower of London with their funny hats and unusual dresses with royal monograms, one feels carried back to the age of Queen Elizabeth I.
Even in the unromantic everyday life of English businessmen we can see the same formal traditions. In the City of London there may be seen a number of men in top-hats. These are the bank messengers who had to put on these hats according to traditions. The same tradition makes the Eton boys (the boys of Eton College which was founded in 1440 by Henry VI) put on a silk hat, a very short jacket and long trousers.
All of you, of course, have seen English films and noticed official black dresses and white wigs of judges and advocates, though wigs have not been used for nearly two hundred years in other countries.
One of the most impressive and popular ceremonies is «Changing the Guard», which takes place at Buckingham Palace every day, including Sunday at 11. 30. The uniform of the guards is extremely coloured - red tunics, blue trousers and bearskin caps, and they always attract London sightseers.
Another formal display is the «Ceremony of Keys» which takes place every night at 9. 53 p. m. when the Chief Warder of the Tower of London lights a candle lantern and carrying the keys makes his way with the Escort to the gates of the Tower and locks them. This ceremony takes place every night without interruption. It is said that on the night of April 16, 1941 air bombing stopped the ceremony, knocking out members of the Escort. Despite this the duty was completed.
Strange as they may seem to a modern European or American nobody in London sees anything remarkable in these old traditions which mix harmoniously with the city everyday life.
Exercises.
Английские традиции.
Лондон хранит свои старые обряды и традиции намного дольше, чем любой другой город Англии. Многие из этих традиций были сохранены неизменными со времен 13-го века. Иностранцы, приезжающие в Лондон, находятся под впечатлением от довольно большого количества обрядов ,которые кажутся несовместимыми с современным транспортом и техническими условиями высокоразвитой страны. Униформы – довольно хороший пример этого. Когда кто-либо видит стражу Лондонского Тауэра в их смешных шапках и необычных платьях с королевской монограммой, он как будто возвращается во времена Королевы Елизаветы 1
Те же самые официальные традиции просматриваются даже в повседневной, лишенной романтики , жизни английского бизнесмена. В центре Лондона можно встретить людей в цилиндрах. Это банковские курьеры, которым приходится носить эти шляпы, следуя традициям. Та же самая традиция заставляет «Этонских мальчиков» (мальчиков колледжа Этон, основанного в в 1440 году Генри VI) одевать шелковые шляпы, короткие жакеты и длинные брюки.
Все вы, конечно, видели английские фильмы и замечали официальные черные платья и белые парики судей и адвокатов, хотя париками в других странах не пользуются уже около 200 лет.
Одна из наиболее впечатляющих и знаменитых церемоний – это «Смена караула», которая совершается каждый день в Букингемском Дворце, включая воскресенье в 11.30. Униформа караульных очень яркая – красные туники, синие брюки и шапки из медвежьей шкуры - они всегда привлекают Лондонских туристов.