Автор работы: Пользователь скрыл имя, 11 Мая 2012 в 02:00, курсовая работа
The topic of my term-paper is the usage of abbreviations and contractions in English business correspondence. Today contractions and abbreviations are used here, there and everywhere, and there are no rules for all the variants, exceptions and features of usage contractions and abbreviations in business correspondence and mass media. But of course there are some fundamental rules which the author is going to investigate in this term paper.
INTRODUCTION 2
CHAPTER 1. ABBREVIATIONS AND CONTRACTIONS IN ENGLISH BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE. 3
1.1. Punctuation marks with Contractions 5
1.2 Usage of a capital letter 7
1.3 Usage of plural, the possessive forms and compound words with contractions. 8
1.4 Special rules of the usage of contractions with "a" or "an". 10
1.5 Abbreviations "A.D." And "B.C." 10
1.6 Contractions of names of establishments, associations, the organisations and the companies 10
1.7 The usage of & in contractions. 11
1.8 Contractions of the names of the four corners of the earth. 12
1.9 Contractions with dates 12
1.10 Contractions of academic degrees and professional categories 13
1.11 Contractions of the geographic names 13
1.12 Contractions of Latin words and expressions 15
1.13 Contraction of width and longitude 15
1.14 Contractions of military ranks and names of divisions 16
1.15 Contraction of the word "Number" 16
1.16 Contractions of proper nouns 16
1.17 Contractions of scientific terms 17
1.18 The usage of contractions with time 17
1.20 Contractions of titles, polite references and academic degrees 18
CHAPTER 2. BUSINESS LETTERS WITH CONTRACTIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS. 19
CONCLUSION 27
LIST OF REFERENCES 28
A.D. 185 or 185A.D. or 185 AD 185г нашей эры
41 B.C. or 41 BC
The names of establishments, associations and the organizations are usually contracted after the first mention in the text. If the company name is easily recognized in contraction, it will be used after the first mention. Similar contractions are usually written completely in capital letters and without punctuation marks. (In contexts where contraction can be distinguished, it often replaces the full name everywhere.)
... at the American Bar Association (ABA) meeting in June. The ABA's new officers......
На июньской встрече Американской ассоциации баров. Новые служащие Американской ассоциации баров…
International Business Machines released its first-quarter earnings figures today. An IBM spokesperson...
Сегодня Международные бизнес предприятия опубликовали отчёты о доходах за первый семестр…
Words "Company" ,"Corporation", "Incorporated",
and "Limited" in names of the companies are usually contracted even at the first mention. They are specified completely only in official texts.
Procter & Gamble Company or Procter & Gamble Co.
Компания «Проктер энд Гэмбл»
Sign "&", replacing a word "and" is often used in the names
of the companies.
H&R Block Standard Эйч энд Ар блок стандарт
Procter & Gamble Company Проктер энд Гэмбл
Even if the completely written word "and" is in the official name of the company, at the mention of the company in the letter it is often replaced with a sign &. It is done for connectivity of the text or because the author cannot check up the official name of the company.
If the sign & is used in contraction, it doesn’t require blanks before and after the sign.
The Barkers welcome all guests to their B&B at 54 West Street.
Баркерсы встречают всех гостей в их полупансионе по адресу 54 Вэст Стрит
If the sign & is used between two last elements, the comma is not required.
Jones, Kuhn & Malloy, Attorneys at Law
Джонс,Кун и Маллой,адвокаты
Names of the corners of the earth are usually contracted, if they are written before names of streets; these contractions can be written with points, the comma is usually put before them.
1600 Pennsylvania Avenue , NW [N.W.]
1600 Пенсильвания авеню СЗ
If the word Street, Avenue is put after the name of a corner of the earth it is an integral part of the name of street, it is written completely, without contractions.
230 West 43rd Street 230 Запад 43й улицы
50 Park Avenue South 50 Парк авеню Юг
The days of week and months are written completely in the text.
at the Monday editorial meeting
На редакционном собрании в понедельник
the December issue of Scientific American
Декабрьский выпуск «Сайентифик Американ»
a meeting held on August 1, 1995
Собрание проводилось первого августа,1995 года
Points are usually put in contractions of the academic degrees;
contractions of professional categories are a little bit more often written without punctuation marks.
Ph. D. The doctor of philosophy
Доктор философии
B.Sc. The bachelor of sciences
Бакалавр наук
M. B.A. Master of Business Administration
Магистр делового администрирования
СМА Certified Medical Assistant
Аттестованный помощник врача
Capital letter is only the first letter of each element in contractions of degrees and professional categories.
Litt. D. Doctor of Letters Доктор литературы
D.Th. Doctor of Theology Доктор теологии
But
LL.B. Bachelor of Laws Бакалавр юридических наук
LL.M. Master of Laws Магистр юридических наук
LL.D. Doctor of Laws Доктор юридических наук
When the contracted names of states follow in the text right after the names of the states traditional contractions are used.
Ellen White of 49 Lyman St., Saginaw, Mich., has been chosen...
Эллен Уайт с 49д, улицы Лиман,Мичиган,была выбрана
But
Grand Rapids, in western Michigan...
Гранд Рэпидс,в западном Мичигане
In post addresses official post contractions of state names are used.
Bay Rd.
Бэй роуд
Gibson Island, MD 21056
Гибсон айланд,Мэриленд 21056
Such words, as "Street, "Road" and "Boulevard" in the text are often written with a point on the end if they make a part of the proper name.
an accident on Windward Road [or Rd.]
авария на Виндворд роуд
our office at 1234 Cross Blvd. [Or Boulevard]
наш офис на 1234 кросс бульвар
Names of the countries are usually written completely in the text.
South Africa's president urged the United States to impose meaningful sanctions
Южноафриканский президент призвал США налагать значительные санкции
Contractions of names of the countries (for example, in tables) are usually written with point in the end. If contraction is formed from the first letters of two or several separate words, it can be written without a point.
MEX. Mexico Мексика
Can. Canada Канада
Ger. Germany Германия
Scot. Scotland Шотландия
U.K. [UK] The Great Britain Великобритания
U.S. [US] The USA Соединённые Штаты Америки
Words "United States" are usually contracted, if they carry out adjective function. In usage as a noun the name is written completely.
the U.S. Department of Justice Министерство юстиции США
U.S. foreign policy Внешняя политика США
The United States has declined to participate.США склонили к участию.
Word "saint" is usually contracted, if it is a part of the geographical or topographical name. Words "Mount", "Point" and "Fort" can be written completely or contracted.
St. Paul, Minnesota or Saint Paul, Minnesota Сэйнт Пол, Миннесота
St. Thomas, U.S.V.I. Or Saint Thomas Остров Сэйнт Томас
Mount Vernon or Mt. Vernon
Fort Worth or Ft. Worth Форт Ворс
Mt. Kilimanjaro or Mount Kilimanjaro Гора Килиманджаро
Some Latin words and expressions are always contracted. The point is usually put in the end of contraction, and contraction is written in the small letter and is not italicised.
etc. | etcetera |
i.e. | id est |
e.g. | exempli gratia например |
cf. | confer |
viz. | videlicet |
etal. | et alia |
ibid. | Ibidem |
op. cit. | opere citato цитируемое |
The word "versus" is contracted to v. "in legal documents, and to" vs." in texts of other orientation.
Da Costa v. United States. Да Коста против США
good vs. evil
Words "width" and "longitude" are contracted in tables and a technical context, but in the text they are often written completely.
in a table: lat. 10°20'N в таблице:долгота.10°20С
in text: from 10°20 ' northern width to 10°30 ' southern latitude
В тексте: с 10°20 северной широты к 10°30 южной долготы
In each sort of armed services are accepted certain contractions of military ranks. After these contractions the point is not put. In nonmilitary documents it is accepted to use more expanded contractions with the point.
In army documents:
BG Carter R. Stokes, USA Бригадный генерал Р.Стоукс,США
Col S. Smith, USMC Полковник С.Смит,морская пехота США
In nonmilitary documents:
Brig. Gen. Carter R. Stokes Lt. Comdr. Dawn Wills-Craig
Col. S. J. Smith Lt. (j.g.) Carlos Ramos
Sgt. Bernard P. Brodkey
In nonmilitary documents military ranks are usually
completely contracted if they are used with a full name and a surname. If military ranks are used only with a surname of the person they are not contracted.
Major Mosby
Maj. John S. Mosby Майор Джон.С.Мосби
The word "number" is usually written in the contracted form - "No." if after it the numeral follows.
The No. 1 priority Первый по приоритету
Policy No. 123-5-Х Установка №123-5-Х
If the initials are put together with a surname, they are written with points and through a blank. Sometimes names of some well-known people are replaced with the initials which are written without blanks. In these cases the initials can be written both with points, and without them.
Е. М Forster И.Эм.Форстер
С P. Е Bach Си.Пи.И.Бах
After contractions "Jr." (Junior) and "Sr." (Senior) a comma can be used (or not).
Martin Luther King Jr. Or Martin Luther King, Jr.
Мартин Лютер Кинг мл.
In double terms the genus name can be contracted to the initial letter after the first mention. Contraction is always written from the big letter, italicised, the point in the end is put.
... its better-known relative Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade).
более известный родственник Атропа белладонна(сонная одурь)
After the contractions designating chemical compounds, symbols of chemical elements and formulas the point is not put.
MSG глутамат натрия
РСВ полихлорированные дифенилы
РB
O
After contractions of computer terms the point is not put.
PC personal computer Персональный компьютер
MB megabyte Мегабайт
I/O input/output
DOS disk operational system Дисковая операционная система
Esc Escape
When time is put in the figures, contractions following them "a.m." (ante meridiem - and "p.m." (post meridiem) are in most cases written by lower case letters with a point after each letter. Sometimes they are written in capital letters with points. In newspapers these contractions are usually written in capital letters.
8:30 a.m. or 8:30 A.M.(до полудня)
10:00 p.m. or10:00 P.M.(после полудня)
Designations of time zones are written in capital letters without points.
9:22 a.m. EST eastern standard time Восточное поясное время
4:45 p.m. CDT central daylight time Центральное дневное время
Polite references "Mr." "Ms." "Mrs." and "Messrs." are used now only in the form of contractions. Professional ranks "Doctor","Professor", "Representative" and "Senator" are more often written in a short form.
Ms. Lee A. Downs
Messrs. Lake, Mason, and Nambeth Господа
Doctor Howe or Dr. Howe
Despite objections of some traditionalists, respectful References "Honorable" and "Reverend" are frequently contracted.
the Honorable I. Oleary or [the] Hon. I. Oleary Уважаемый
the Revered I. O'Leary or [the] Rev. I. Oleary Преподобный
If the contracted designation of an academic degree, professional
certifications or memberships in association is put after a name, there is no need to use polite reference or a professional rank.
Dr. Jesse Smith or Jesse Smith, M.D. but not Dr. Jesse Smith, M.D.
Carol W. Manning, M.D.
Peter D. Cohn, Jr., CPA
Contraction "Esq." (Esquire) often follows a name of the lawyer in correspondence and official data; less often - behind names of persons of some other trades, including architects, consuls, secretaries of courts and
world judges. The given contraction is not used, if after a name is put
academic degree or professional rank, or if the polite reference or an honorable title is used(For example, "Mr." , "Ms." , "Hon." , "Dr." etc.).