Рефераты по иностранным языкам

Lexical problems of translation

17 Октября 2013, доклад

As a rule, the object of translation is not a list of separate lexical units but a coherent text in which the SL words make up an integral whole. Though each word in the language has its own meaning, the actual information it conveys in a text depends, to a great extent, on its contextual environment. Generally speaking, the meaning of any word in the text cannot be understood and translated without due regard to the specific context in which it is actualized. Some words, however, are less sensitive to the contextual influence than others. There are words with definite meanings which are retained in most contexts and are relatively context-free. Context-free words are mainly found among proper and geographical names, titles of magazines and newspapers, names of various firms, organizations, ships, aircraft and the like, as well as among technical terms used by experts in all fields of human endeavour.

Lexical problems of translation

25 Июня 2014, реферат

The study of the language is arguably the most hotly contested property in the academic realm. It becomes a tangle begetting multiple language discrepancies. That is why linguistics compares languages and explores their histories, in order to find and to account for its development and origins to give the answers to this or that language point.
Due to the semantic features of language the meanings of words, their ability to combine with other words, their usage, the “place” they hold in the lexical system of a language do not concur for the most part. All the same “ideas” expressed by words coincide in most cases, though the means of expression differ.

Lexical Transformations

17 Октября 2013, лекция

This Lecture:
introduces basic translator's devices:
• partitioning;
• integration;
• transposition;
• replacement;
• addition;
• omission, and
• antonymous translation;

Lidar com problemas financeiros e económicos

04 Декабря 2012, реферат

Por cento - o valor absoluto da renda da prestação de emprestar dinheiro de qualquer forma.
Taxa de juros - o valor relativo da renda por um período fixo de tempo, medido em percentagem ou uma fração.
Período de competência - o intervalo de tempo, que é datado de taxa de juros.
Capitalização de juros - juntando-se os juros ao valor principal.

Lingual-Stylistic Peculiarities of Poetic Works of English Romanticism

25 Октября 2014, курсовая работа

The value of English Romanticism can be hardly ever overestimated. It is not just poetry or prose in itself, but an entire world of philosophy, world of brilliant ideas and world of crushed hopes for the future of mankind. It shows us the widest range of human potential to analyze and feel, the universe of dreams collected in lines of masterpieces that will outlive the centuries.

Living with a english family

25 Октября 2013, творческая работа

The most popular type of residence in London is accommodation in an English family. The family allocates to the student the certain room, and the kitchen and a bathroom are the general. In certain cases, the family has opportunity to allocate to the student a separate bathroom for an additional payment. These options of accommodation rather inexpensive. As a rule, benevolent, have experience of acceptance of foreign students, try to diversify a food of an offered half board.

London

28 Апреля 2013, реферат

In London, one can see architecture of different centuries and styles. It is inseparably connected with the history of the city. The Romans, the Saxons and the Danes settled here in turn, after them came the Normans, and brought the French civilisation. London survived the Plague and the Great Fire, which followed in 1666. During the Fire all wooden houses were smashed to the ground and a New London, London of stone with bigger houses and wider streets was built. During the World War II, many buildings of great historic value lay in ruins and today the face of London is changed.

London

04 Мая 2014, реферат

London is the capital of Great Britain, its political, economic and cultural centre. It's one of the largest cities in the world. Its population is more than million people. London is situated on the river Thames. The city is very old and beautiful. It was founded more than two thousand years ago. Traditionally London is divided into several parts: the City, the West End, the East End and Westminster. The City is the oldest part of London, its financial and business centre. The heart of the City is the Stock Exchange. Westminster is the most important part of the capital. It's the administrative centre.

London is a capital of the United Kingdom

14 Мая 2013, аттестационная работа

London is a capital of the United Kingdom and the chief city of the Commonwealth of Nations. London is far more than the capital of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and one of the largest cities of the cities of the world. In this great historic city the modern is very close with the old, the great and the small live side by side in pleasant harmony and, in every part of London`s complex and busy life one can find a very genuine affection for its traditions, its fortunes and its prosperity.

London is the capital of Great Britan

17 Апреля 2012, реферат

London is the capital of Great Britain, its political, economic and cultural centre. It is situated on the both banks of the Thames. London is one of the largest cities in the world. It`s population is more than 9 million people. London was founded more then twenty centuries ago. The East End includes the poorer districts, the industrial center, the port, the London docks.

Machine translation and human translation in competition

05 Марта 2013, доклад

Machine translation, sometimes referred to by the abbreviation MT is a sub-field of computational linguistics that investigates the use of software to translate text or speech from one natural language to another.
On a basic level, MT performs simple substitution of words in one natural language for words in another, but that alone usually cannot produce a good translation of a text, because recognition of whole phrases and their closest counterparts in the target language is needed. Solving this problem with corpus and statistical techniques is a rapidly growing field that is leading to better translations, handling differences in linguistic typology, translation of idioms, and the isolation of anomalies.

Macromedia Flash 8 dasturi

19 Июля 2013, курсовая работа

Mustaqilik sharofati bilan Vatanimizda olamshumul o’zgarishlar yuz berdi.Milliy qadriyatlarqayta tiklandi.Ismoil al-Buxoriy,Muhammad al-Xorazmiy,Amir Tumur kabi buyuk siymolarning hayoti qoldirgan me’rosini o’rganishga yo’l ochildi.O’lkamiz agrar mamlakat bo’lishi bilan birgav industrial davlatga aylanish yuz berdi.Zavad fabrika ko’paya boshladi.

Magnetism in Condensed Matter

10 Июня 2015, реферат

Solid state physics (or condensed matter physics) is one of the most active and versatile branches of modern physics that have developed in the wake of the discovery of quantum mechanics. It deals with problems concerning the properties of materials and, more generally, systems with many degrees of freedom, ranging from fundamental questions to technological applications

Managementul financiar al întreprinderii

13 Ноября 2013, реферат

Îndeplinirea obiectivelor sporite ce revin societatilor comerciale în etapa actuala necesita un volum însemnat de fonduri banesti. În asigurarea acestor fonduri, în repartizarea si utilizarea lor cu maximum de eficienta un rol însemnat revine managementului financiar.
Managementul financiar al societatii comerciale este expresia un domeniu specific al activitatii de conducere, domeniu în cadrul caruia se fundamenteaza, elaboreaza, adopta si finalizeaza deciziile financiare prin relevarea întregului potential managerial la nivelul оntreprinderii.

Markets and Monopolies

12 Января 2011, контрольная работа

1) Whenever people who are willing to sell a commodity contact people willing to buy it, a market for that commodity is created. 2) Buyers and sellers meet in person, or they may communicate by letter, by phone or through their agents. 3) In a perfect market, communications are easy, buyers and sellers are numerous and competition is completely free. 4) In a perfect market there can be only one price for a given commodity: the lowest price which sellers will accept and the highest which consumers will pay. 5) There are, however, no really perfect markets, and each commodity market is subject to special conditions. 6) Competition influences the prices prevailing in the market. 7) Prices inevitably fluctuate, and such fluctuations are also affected by current supply and demand.

Mary I Tudor. Birth and family

03 Мая 2013, реферат

I decided to take this topic because I was always interested in origin nickname of Mary I Tudor. Why was she called so? What did she do to deserve this nickname? There is even a cocktail with the same name. So, i found some information about this queen. And here it is. She was the only surviving child born of the ill-fated marriage of Henry VIII and his first wife Catherine of Aragon. Her younger half-brother, Edward VI, succeeded Henry in 1547. When Edward became mortally ill in 1553, he attempted to remove Mary from the line of succession because of religious differences. On his death, their cousin Lady Jane Grey was at first proclaimed queen. Mary assembled a force in East Anglia and successfully deposed Jane, who was ultimately beheaded. In 1554, Mary married Philip of Spain, becoming queen consort of Habsburg Spain on his accession in 1556.

Maschinen als Türöffner

28 Мая 2013, реферат

Eine an der Decke angebrachte Förderbandmaschine beförderte das Geröll zunächst 300 Meter weit zurück, von dort übernahmen Förderbänder am Boden den weiteren Transport bis nach draußen.
Zugleich aber musste vorne die Öffnung gesichert werden, der Berg darf nicht nachdrängen, wie die Tunnelbauer sagen. Dazu wurden große Anker in den Fels getrieben. Sie setzen das Gestein unter Druck und halten die Armierungsnetze für den Spritzbeton, der möglichst schnell aufgebracht werden muss. Da der Abtransport des Gesteins an der Decke passiert, haben die Spritzmobile der Firma Meyco - ein Tochterunternehmen der UCG - Platz, die erste 15 bis 25 Zentimeter dicke Spritzbetonschicht aufzubringen.

Mass media in Russia

29 Апреля 2012, сочинение

The topic I’m going to speak about is entitled “Mass media in Russia”. To begin with I’d like to say that mass media play an important role in our life. Firstly they inform us help to keep up with the latest events in the present-day life of our country and the whole world. What is more they cover vital, topical problems that concern everyone and us with information about recent inventions, discoveries in different spheres of life, such as science, technology, medicine, news in the world of sport and art. Secondly they influence and form public opinion and shape our views.

Master's degree in the Czech Republic and Kazakhstan

06 Октября 2015, реферат

Studying a Masters in the Czech Republic means an opportunity to learn at universities that have supported and conducted historic research, but also offer modern, forward thinking Masters programmes. With six-hundred years of higher education history and some of the oldest and most prestigious universities in Central Europe, the Czech Republic is an excellent place to study a Masters degree abroad. Famous faculty and alumni at Czech universities include some of the most important and influential artists and thinkers in European history - from novelists such as Franz Kafka to ground-breaking scientific theorists like Christian Doppler and Albert Einstein. Today more than 40,000 international students are already studying abroad at Czech universities and the country's government is keen to increase this number, with more and more courses being taught in English.

Master’s degree in UK, USA and Kazakhstan

29 Мая 2013, доклад

A master's degree is an advanced academic degree granted to individuals who have undergone study demonstrating a mastery or high-order overview of a specific field of study or area of professional practice. Within the area studied, graduates are posited to possess advanced knowledge of a specialized body of theoretical and applied topics; high order skills in analysis, critical evaluation or professional application; and the ability to solve complex problems and think rigorously and independently. They are awarded after graduation from university. In some languages, a master's degree is called a magister, or a cognate can also be used for a person who has the degree.

Master’s degree thesis

20 Декабря 2012, творческая работа

I was a student of Rostov State University of Civil Engineering. I’m specialized in the sphere of the city cadaster. At the moment I’m taking a master’s degree course on the land use planning and cadasters. My scientific supervisor is associate professor Tihonova K.V.

Matrix Organization Structure: Advantages and Disadvantages

23 Сентября 2013, реферат

An organization is the result of the organizing process and can be defined as a structured grouping of people working together to achieve organizational objectives.1 Every organization must choose an overall structure that meets its needs best and allows interactions among individuals and departments to attain the its goals.
For a small business, the organizing process is comparatively simple. The owner of a grocery store employs a few people to sell groceries and to take care of the supplies and personally directs business operations. The handling of such a relatively small store is more or less simple and easy.

Means of expressing modality in Modern English

25 Января 2013, курсовая работа

Modality – is a multifold phenomenon, and therefore in the linguistic literature we can find different thoughts concerning the essence of this phenomenon. Modality is a category of linguistic meaning having to do with the expression of possibility and necessity. There are different types of modality and the topicality of our term paper is caused by the necessity to improve knowledge about the term modality and its expression. The problem of modality as an object of interdisciplinary knowledge that is relevant to the modern science, has long been interested in the humanities scholars working in different fields research - logicians, linguists, psychologists, semioticians.

Measuring Salience in EU Legislative Politics

06 Апреля 2014, доклад

The article “Measuring Salience in EU Legislative Politics” evaluates democratic policy of the EU trough the measurement of its political importance. Since the same legislative act can be categorized differently, due to the usage of different salience estimations, it is very important to measure salience empirically. This article compares salience measures based on three different types of data sources—expert interviews, text analysis and media coverage—using legislative proposals that cover different policy fields and types of proposals.

Meat and meat products

21 Марта 2014, курсовая работа

Fresh red meats are refrigerated. Cured meats such as ham, bacon, and sausage contain chemical preservatives (salt, nitrate, nitrite) but are, in addition, heat processed and stored under refrigeration. Fresh and cured meats are also canned. With severe heat processing a shelf-stable product is produced. In certain products stability is achieved in part through other processes; fermentation, drying, smoking and impregnation with vinegar.

Mechanical calculation

19 Декабря 2011, курсовая работа

Bushes are applied for terminal of wires of high potential from tanks of transformers, oil switches, and also for a lining of wires through walls of buildings. Hey are installed the bush on a cover of the tank or on a wall of the building the metal flange. Bushes can well work at height of no more then 1000м above sea and in an interval of temperatures from-40 up to +45° with relative humidity up to 85%. Corresponding designs of isolators can be used for other, heavier environmental conditions.

Medical education in USA

09 Ноября 2015, реферат

In the USA the young man who has the secondary must pass through seven or eight years of hard study before he begins his work as a doctor.
First he has three or four years of premedical training at a university. Here he learns the main sciences. Only those students who show good results in their premedical training can become candidates for higher medical education. Those who do not continue their education can work as nurses.

Meine schule

15 Декабря 2013, доклад

Das ist mein schule. Meine Schule ist am Stadtrand. Meine Schule ist sehr groß. In ihren vielen Studenten lernen. Im Erdgeschoss gibt es einen Garderobe, Spiegel, Treppen, Büroraum. In der zweiten Etage befindet sich eine Treppe, Toilette, Lehrerzimmer, Sekretariat, Aula, Bibliothek. Im dritten Stock gibt es einen Computer-klasse, Mathematik. Rechts gibt es ein Gebäude für Schüler der Unterstufe. Kinder kommen in die Schule. In der Schule sind viele Klassenzimmer. Alle Klassenzimmer sind groß und hell. Da stehen Tische, Schulbänke, Schränke, Stühle. Vorne ist die Tafel.

Memory And Note-Taking In Consecutive Interpreting

04 Ноября 2013, реферат

“Interpreting is rendering information and idea from one language into another language by mean of speaking”. (Dang & Bui, 1999, p.36). Particularly, in the consecutive, interpreters have to give a rendering of speech’s segments after a party has finished speaking. Interpreters must receive and understand the incoming message and then express its meaning in the target language (TL). Despite understanding the process, they still get many problems in term of memory and note-taking. This essay will analyze the reasons that led to our weakness, along with identifying the solutions that will possibly help us improve the ability of memorizing and taking note.

Methods and Procedures of Lexicological Analysis

05 Августа 2012, лекция

It is commonly recognised that acquaintance with at least some of the currently used procedures of linguistic investigation is of considerable importance both for language learners and for prospective teachers as it gives them the possibility to observe how linguists obtain answers to certain questions and is of help in the preparation of teaching material. It also helps language learners to become good observers of how language works and this is the only lasting way to become better users of language.